Grizzly and polar bears as nonconsumptive cultural keystone species

Grizzly and polar bears as nonconsumptive cultural keystone species
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灰熊和北极熊是非消耗性文化关键物种

DOI:
10.1139/facets-2020-0089
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发表时间:
2021
期刊:
影响因子:
3.1
通讯作者:
Turner, Nancy
Turner, Nancy
中科院分区:
综合性期刊4区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Clark, Douglas;Artelle, Kyle;Darimont, Chris;Housty, William;Tallio, Clyde;Neasloss, Douglas;Schmidt, Aimee;Wiget, Andrew;Turner, Nancy

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在保护工作中,灰熊和北极熊经常被作为生态“旗舰物种”,但尽管在一些地区和文化中大量使用,它们也可以成为重要的文化基石物种,即使在不被猎杀的地方也是如此。我们扩大了确定文化基石物种的既定标准的适用范围,将文化主要与之具有非消耗性关系但对福祉和身份认同极其重要的物种也包括在内。不列颠哥伦比亚省沿海地区的灰熊与许多土著民族(包括Haíɫzaqv(海尔特苏克人)、Kitasoo/Xai‘xais人和Nuxalk第一民族)密切相关,在这些民族中,它们对个人、家庭、酋长和民族的身份、文化和生计至关重要。马尼托巴省丘吉尔的北极熊作为土著和非土著混合社区的文化基石物种提供了另一个例子,在该社区中,该物种的许多生计好处都是通过全球化旅游市场的经济交易来调节的。我们讨论了文化基石物种分享利益的背景、特殊性和公平问题。我们对文化基石物种的扩展定义使我们更广泛地认识到这些物种对土著人民的超越生态的重要性,这突出了土著主权的社会和生态重要性,并可促进增进对和解至关重要的跨文化理解。
Grizzly bears and polar bears often serve as ecological “flagship species” in conservation efforts, but although consumptively used in some areas and cultures they can also be important cultural keystone species even where not hunted. We extend the application of established criteria for defining cultural keystone species to also encompass species with which cultures have a primarily nonconsumptive relationship but that are nonetheless disproportionately important to well-being and identity. Grizzly bears in coastal British Columbia are closely linked to many Indigenous Peoples (including the Haíɫzaqv (Heiltsuk), Kitasoo/Xai’xais, and Nuxalk First Nations), where they are central to the identity, culture, and livelihoods of individuals, families, Chiefs, and Nations. Polar bears in Churchill, Manitoba, provide another example as a cultural keystone species for a mixed Indigenous and non-Indigenous community in which many of the livelihood benefits from the species are mediated by economic transactions in a globalized tourism market. We discuss context specificity and questions of equity in sharing of benefits from cultural keystone species. Our expanded definition of cultural keystone species gives broader recognition of the beyond-ecological importance of these species to Indigenous Peoples, which highlights the societal and ecological importance of Indigenous sovereignty and could facilitate the increased cross-cultural understanding critical to reconciliation.
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