Lattice Problems beyond Polynomial Time

Lattice Problems beyond Polynomial Time
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超越多项式时间的格子问题

DOI:
10.1145/3564246.3585227
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发表时间:
2023
期刊:
ACM Symposium on Theory of Computing
影响因子:
--
通讯作者:
Vaikuntanathan, Vinod
Vaikuntanathan, Vinod
中科院分区:
--
文献类型:
--
作者:
Aggarwal, Divesh;Bennett, Huck;Brakerski, Zvika;Golovnev, Alexander;Kumar, Rajendra;Li, Zeyong;Peters, Spencer;Stephens-Davidowitz, Noah;Vaikuntanathan, Vinod

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我们研究的复杂性,在世界上的算法,减少和协议可以运行在超多项式时间的格问题。具体来说,我们重新审视四个基本结果,在这种情况下,两个协议和两个最坏情况下的平均情况下减少。我们展示了如何提高近似因子在每个结果的一个因素,大约100 n/logn时,运行的协议或减少在200 n时间,而不是多项式时间,我们展示了一种新的协议,没有多项式时间模拟。我们的结果如下。(1)我们展示了一个最坏情况到平均情况的减少,证明了如果最短向量问题(SVP)的(决策版本)不能在2 μ ntime内近似到1/2(n)的因子,则存在密钥加密(特别是抗碰撞哈希函数)。这扩展到我们的设置Ajtai的著名的多项式时间约简的短时间解(SIS)问题(1996),它表明(经过Micciancio和Regev(2004,2007)的改进),如果SVP不能在多项式时间内近似到λ(n)的因子内,则存在密钥加密。(2)我们展示了另一个最坏情况下的平均情况下的减少证明存在公钥密码,如果SVP不能近似到一个因子内的2n倍(n)。这扩展了Regev著名的带误差学习(LWE)问题(2005,2009)的多项式时间约简,其近似因子为1.5(n1.5)。事实上,Regev的约化是量子的,但我们在经典约化下证明了我们的结果,推广了Peikert的多项式时间经典约化(2009),它实现了近似因子λ(n2)。(3)我们表明,(决策版本的)最近的向量问题(CVP)与一个常数的近似因子有acoAM协议与2的时间验证。我们通过Goldreich和Goldwasser(1998,2000)提出的著名多项式时间协议的(非常简单的)推广来证明这一点。因此,最近一系列的2 × n次甚至2(1− 1)× n次CVP的硬度结果不能扩展到大的常数近似因子γ,除非AMETH是假的。我们也排除了2(1− 1)n倍的下限,任何常数近似因子γ > γ 2,在合理的复杂性理论假设。(这些结果也推广到任意范数,具有不同的常数。(4)我们证明了O(logn)-近似的SVP具有一个2logn时间验证者的ATIME协议。在这里,类似的(也庆祝!)多项式时间的结果是由于Aharonov和Regev(2005),他们展示了一个多项式时间协议,实现了近似因子λ n(对于SVP和CVP,而我们只实现了CVP的这个结果)。这个结果意味着类似的障碍硬度,在较弱的复杂性理论假设下有更大的近似因子(如下一个结果)。(5)最后,我们给出了一个新的coMA协议的常数因子近似CVP与一个2n倍的时间验证。与我们的其他结果不同,该协议在多项式时间机制中没有已知的模拟,上述所有结果都是实现时间近似因子权衡的更一般定理的特例。特别是,前四个结果的权衡平滑插值多项式时间的结果在以前的工作,我们的新结果在指数时间的世界。
We study the complexity of lattice problems in a world where algorithms, reductions, and protocols can run in superpolynomial time. Specifically, we revisit four foundational results in this context—two protocols and two worst-case to average-case reductions. We show how to improve the approximation factor in each result by a factor of roughly √n/lognwhen running the protocol or reduction in 2єntime instead of polynomial time, and we show a novel protocol with no polynomial-time analog. Our results are as follows.(1) We show a worst-case to average-case reduction proving that secret-key cryptography (specifically, collision-resistant hash functions) exists if the (decision version of the) Shortest Vector Problem (SVP) cannot be approximated to within a factor of Õ(√n) in 2єntime. This extends to our setting Ajtai’s celebrated polynomial-time reduction for the Short Integer Solutions (SIS) problem (1996),which showed (after improvements by Micciancio and Regev (2004, 2007)) that secret-key cryptography exists if SVP cannot be approximated to within a factor of Õ(n) in polynomial time.(2) We show another worst-case to average-case reduction proving thatpublic-keycryptography exists if SVP cannot be approximated to within a factor of Õ(n) in 2єntime. This extends Regev’s celebrated polynomial-time reduction for the Learning with Errors (LWE) problem (2005, 2009), which achieved an approximation factor of Õ(n1.5). In fact, Regev’s reduction is quantum, but we prove our result under a classical reduction, generalizing Peikert’s polynomial-time classical reduction (2009), which achieved an approximation factor of Õ(n2).(3) We show that the (decision version of the) Closest Vector Problem (CVP) with a constant approximation factor has acoAMprotocol with a 2єn-time verifier. We prove this via a (very simple) generalization of the celebrated polynomial-time protocol due to Goldreich and Goldwasser (1998, 2000). It follows that the recent series of 2єn-time and even 2(1−є)n-time hardness results for CVP cannot be extended to large constant approximation factors γ unless AMETH is false. We also rule out 2(1−є)n-time lower bounds for any constant approximation factor γ > √2, under plausible complexity-theoretic assumptions. (These results also extend to arbitrary norms, with different constants.)(4) We show thatO(√logn)-approximate SVP has acoNTIMEprotocol with a 2єn-time verifier. Here, the analogous (also celebrated!) polynomial-time result is due to Aharonov and Regev (2005), who showed a polynomial-time protocol achieving an approximation factor of √n(forbothSVP and CVP, while we only achieve this result for CVP). This result implies similar barriers to hardness, with a larger approximation factor under a weaker complexity-theoretic conjectures (as does the next result).(5) Finally, we give a novelcoMAprotocol for constant-factor-approximate CVP with a 2єn-time verifier. Unlike our other results, this protocol has no known analog in the polynomial-time regime.All of the results described above are special cases of more general theorems that achieve time-approximation factor tradeoffs. In particular, the tradeoffs for the first four results smoothly interpolate from the polynomial-time results in prior work to our new results in the exponential-time world.
关于格子中最短独立向量的具体硬度的注解
DOI: --
发表时间: 2021
影响因子: 0.5
作者:
Divesh Aggarwal;E. Chung
通讯作者: E. Chung
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DOI: 10.1007/s00453-023-01102-6
发表时间: 2023
期刊: Algorithmica
影响因子: 1.1
作者:
Akmal, Shyan;Chen, Lijie;Jin, Ce;Raj, Malvika;Williams, Ryan
通讯作者: Williams, Ryan
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DOI: --
发表时间: 2019
期刊: International Congress of Mathematicans
影响因子: --
作者:
V. V. Williams
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(Gap/S)SVP的ETH硬度
DOI: --
发表时间: 2017
期刊: Symposium on the Theory of Computing
影响因子: --
作者:
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DOI: 10.1006/jcss.1999.1686
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