Explosive Eruptions With Little Warning: Experimental Petrology and Volcano Monitoring Observations From the 2014 Eruption of Kelud, Indonesia

Explosive Eruptions With Little Warning: Experimental Petrology and Volcano Monitoring Observations From the 2014 Eruption of Kelud, Indonesia
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几乎没有任何预警的爆炸性喷发:2014 年印度尼西亚 Kelud 火山喷发的实验岩石学和火山监测观测

DOI:
10.1029/2018gc008161
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发表时间:
2019
期刊:
Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems
影响因子:
--
通讯作者:
Cassidy M
Cassidy M
中科院分区:
--
文献类型:
--
作者:
Cassidy M

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几乎没有或根本没有意外动荡(不到一个月)的爆炸性喷发对火山附近的人口构成了最大的危险。在这里,我们专注于这些爆炸性事件的爆发前条件,它们的触发器以及这些爆发如何演变。我们专注于克卢德火山,在那里我们进行了一系列岩石学实验,以了解最近几次喷发的喷发前储存条件。对于2014年的爆发性喷发,我们将其与干涉合成孔径雷达测量变形的分析结合起来,联合收割机。我们的数据表明,爆炸性和喷涌性喷发在克卢德是从2-4公里的岩浆储存系统的来源。然而,爆发性喷发是由储存在相对较冷(~1000 °C)和水饱和条件下的岩浆提供的,而喷出性喷发则是由稍热(~1050 °C),水不饱和的岩浆提供的。我们认为,2014年火山爆发的初始阶段是由挥发性超压引发的,然后促进了自上而下的减压,挖掘离散的岩浆体。通过编制一个全球数据集的监测签名的爆炸性喷发,我们表明,动荡的开始很少指向浅上升的岩浆到表面,因为上升大多发生在几个小时或几分钟。我们将喷发前动荡的时间尺度与喷发触发机制联系起来,每年/十年的动荡时期与岩浆注入事件有关(可能先于也可能不先于岩浆喷发),而内部触发(例如,第二次沸腾)已经存在,冷却的岩浆体可能导致爆炸性喷发,几乎没有警告。
Explosive eruptions that occur with little or no precursory unrest (less than a month) pose the greatest hazards from volcanoes to nearby populations. Here we focus on the preeruptive conditions for these explosive events, their triggers and how these eruptions evolve. We concentrate on Kelud volcano, where we have conducted a set of petrological experiments to understand preeruptive storage conditions for several recent eruptions. For the 2014 explosive eruption, we combine this with an analysis of interferometric synthetic aperture radar measured deformation. Our data suggest that both explosive and effusive eruptions at Kelud are sourced from a magma storage system at 2–4 km. However, explosive eruptions are fed by magma stored under relatively cool (~1000 °C) and water‐saturated conditions, whereas effusive eruptions are fed by slightly hotter (~1050 °C), water‐undersaturated magmas. We propose that the initial phase of the 2014 eruption was triggered by volatile overpressure, which then fostered top‐down decompression tapping discrete magma bodies. By compiling a global data set of monitoring signatures of explosive eruptions, we show that the onset of unrest rarely points to the shallow ascent of magma to the surface, as ascent mostly occurs in a matter of hours or minutes. We relate the timescale of preeruptive unrest to eruption triggering mechanisms, with yearly/decadal periods of unrest relating to magma injection events (which may or may not precede a magmatic eruption), whereas internal triggering (e.g., second boiling) of an already present, cooling magma body can lead to explosive eruptions with little warning.
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