Delayed response and biosonar perception explain movement coordination in trawling bats.-猫眼课题宝

DOI：

10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004089

发表时间：

2015-03

期刊：

PLoS computational biology

影响因子：

4.3

通讯作者：

中科院分区：

生物学2区

文献类型：

作者：

Giuggioli L;McKetterick TJ;Holderied M

来源链接：

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4374978/?report=classic

动物协调运动的相互作用通常是通过假设未指定的社会力量的吸引力，排斥力和对齐从观察到的运动数据的参数来解释。在这里，我们提出并测试了一个生物现实的和可量化的生物声纳运动的相互作用机制回声定位蝙蝠的基础上空间感知偏差，即实际的声场，反应延迟，并观察到电机的速度和加速度的限制。我们发现，觅食对蝙蝠飞越水面交换领导者-追随者的角色，并执行追逐或协调演习复制的标题附近的个人已经高达500毫秒前。我们提出的机制之间的相互作用的基础上的感觉运动的限制和延迟对齐能够重建所观察到的空间行为反应模式。值得注意的是，当我们改变模型参数（响应延迟，听力阈值和回声定位方向性）超出自然界中观察到的参数时，模型创建的时空交互模式只重新创建了观察到的交互，即追逐，并且最好地匹配观察到的空间模式，仅用于蝙蝠使用的那些响应延迟，听力阈值和回声定位方向性。这支持了我们的感觉生态学运动协调方法的有效性，其中相互作用的蝙蝠通过主动回声定位而不是窃听来定位彼此。群鸟或鱼群的集体运动是最迷人的自然现象之一，每个人都经历过在移动的人群中行走的挑战。然而，除了靠回声定位的蝙蝠之外，人们很难知道个体使用什么信息来进行运动协调。这些飞行的哺乳动物通过发出响亮而高音调的生物声纳呼叫并倾听返回的回声来感知周围环境。由于蝙蝠生物声纳成像的信息比视觉要稀疏得多，我们可以用一组麦克风准确地测量相互作用的蝙蝠的生物声纳呼叫，然后计算每个个体的感知。当观察成对的多本顿蝙蝠在水面低空觅食搁浅的昆虫时，我们发现它们有有趣的“交通规则”--它们互相追逐，连续转弯，甚至放慢速度以避免碰撞。然后，当我们在这些互动过程中模拟它们对周围环境的生物声纳视图时，我们发现一个简单的技巧就足以创建它们所有的互动行为：一旦另一个个体足够接近你的生物声纳接收到它的回声，复制这个个体的飞行方向在你自己的翅膀跳动的4-5范围内。

Animal coordinated movement interactions are commonly explained by assuming unspecified social forces of attraction, repulsion and alignment with parameters drawn from observed movement data. Here we propose and test a biologically realistic and quantifiable biosonar movement interaction mechanism for echolocating bats based on spatial perceptual bias, i.e. actual sound field, a reaction delay, and observed motor constraints in speed and acceleration. We found that foraging pairs of bats flying over a water surface swapped leader-follower roles and performed chases or coordinated manoeuvres by copying the heading a nearby individual has had up to 500 ms earlier. Our proposed mechanism based on the interplay between sensory-motor constraints and delayed alignment was able to recreate the observed spatial actor-reactor patterns. Remarkably, when we varied model parameters (response delay, hearing threshold and echolocation directionality) beyond those observed in nature, the spatio-temporal interaction patterns created by the model only recreated the observed interactions, i.e. chases, and best matched the observed spatial patterns for just those response delays, hearing thresholds and echolocation directionalities found to be used by bats. This supports the validity of our sensory ecology approach of movement coordination, where interacting bats localise each other by active echolocation rather than eavesdropping. Collective movements of flocking birds or shoaling fish are amongst the most fascinating natural phenomena, and everyone has experienced the challenges of walking through a moving crowd. What information individuals use for movement coordination is, however, very difficult to know, except for echolocating bats. These flying mammals perceive their surroundings by emitting loud and high-pitched biosonar calls and listening for the returning echoes. Because bat biosonar imaging is much sparser in information than vision, we can accurately measure the biosonar calls of interacting bats with a group of microphones and then calculate what each of the individuals perceived. When observing pairs of Daubenton’s bats foraging low over water for stranded insects, we found they have intriguing ‘traffic rules’—they chase each other, perform tandem turns and even slow down to avoid collision. When we then modelled their biosonar view of the surroundings during these interactions we discovered that one simple trick suffices to create all their interactive behaviours: once another individual is close enough for your biosonar to pick up its echo, copy this individual’s flight direction within 4–5 of your own wingbeats.