Bioprospecting finds the toughest biological material: extraordinary silk from a giant riverine orb spider.
Bioprospecting finds the toughest biological material: extraordinary silk from a giant riverine orb spider.
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DOI：
10.1371/journal.pone.0011234
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发表时间：
2010-09-16
期刊：
影响因子：
3.7
通讯作者：
Blackledge TA
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Agnarsson I;Kuntner M;Blackledge TA
结合高强度和弹性，蜘蛛丝异常坚韧，即，能够在断裂前吸收大量动能因此，蜘蛛丝是开发高性能仿生纤维的模型聚合物。有超过41.000种蜘蛛被描述，大多数纺多种类型的丝。因此，我们有大约200.000+独特的丝绸，可以涵盖材料性能的惊人广度。然而，到目前为止，只有几十个物种的丝被鉴定，大多数被随机选择作为模式生物（Nephila）或仅仅来自研究人员的后院。我们在努力发现非凡的丝绸时，是否仅限于“盲目捕鱼”？或者，科学家们是否可以利用生态学来预测哪些物种可能纺出具有特殊性能的丝绸？我们研究了马达加斯加著名的“达尔文吠蛛”（Caerostris darwini）所产蜘蛛丝的生物力学特性，我们预测这种蜘蛛会根据其惊人的蜘蛛网产生特殊的蜘蛛丝。蜘蛛建造它的巨大的圆网（高达2.8平方米）悬挂在溪流，河流和湖泊之上。它通过长达25米的锚线将网连接到每个河岸的基底上。从Caerostris网和强行拉丝的拖丝，表现出高拉伸强度和弹性的非凡组合，这在蜘蛛丝中是前所未有的。强制丝化纤维的韧性平均为350 MJ/m3，有些样品达到520 MJ/m3。因此，C. Darwini丝的韧性是任何先前描述的丝的两倍以上，并且比Kevlar®好10倍以上。卡罗斯里斯捕捉螺旋丝同样异常坚韧。 达氏藻生产出已知最坚硬的生物材料。我们推测，这种非凡的韧性与这些蜘蛛的不寻常的生态和网络结构共同进化，减少了桥线断裂和网络崩溃到河里的可能性。这一假说预测，丝的材料特性的快速变化与属内的生态变化同时发生，因此可以通过结合材料科学，行为观察和遗传学来验证。我们的研究结果突出了自然历史信息生物勘探的潜在好处，以发现丝绸以及其他材料，具有新颖和特殊的特性，可作为仿生学的模型。
Combining high strength and elasticity, spider silks are exceptionally tough, i.e., able to absorb massive kinetic energy before breaking. Spider silk is therefore a model polymer for development of high performance biomimetic fibers. There are over 41.000 described species of spiders, most spinning multiple types of silk. Thus we have available some 200.000+ unique silks that may cover an amazing breadth of material properties. To date, however, silks from only a few tens of species have been characterized, most chosen haphazardly as model organisms (Nephila) or simply from researchers' backyards. Are we limited to ‘blindly fishing’ in efforts to discover extraordinary silks? Or, could scientists use ecology to predict which species are likely to spin silks exhibiting exceptional performance properties? We examined the biomechanical properties of silk produced by the remarkable Malagasy ‘Darwin's bark spider’ (Caerostris darwini), which we predicted would produce exceptional silk based upon its amazing web. The spider constructs its giant orb web (up to 2.8 m2) suspended above streams, rivers, and lakes. It attaches the web to substrates on each riverbank by anchor threads as long as 25 meters. Dragline silk from both Caerostris webs and forcibly pulled silk, exhibits an extraordinary combination of high tensile strength and elasticity previously unknown for spider silk. The toughness of forcibly silked fibers averages 350 MJ/m3, with some samples reaching 520 MJ/m3. Thus, C. darwini silk is more than twice tougher than any previously described silk, and over 10 times better than Kevlar®. Caerostris capture spiral silk is similarly exceptionally tough. Caerostris darwini produces the toughest known biomaterial. We hypothesize that this extraordinary toughness coevolved with the unusual ecology and web architecture of these spiders, decreasing the likelihood of bridgelines breaking and collapsing the web into the river. This hypothesis predicts that rapid change in material properties of silk co-occurred with ecological shifts within the genus, and can thus be tested by combining material science, behavioral observations, and phylogenetics. Our findings highlight the potential benefits of natural history–informed bioprospecting to discover silks, as well as other materials, with novel and exceptional properties to serve as models in biomimicry.
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影响因子：
2
作者：
Agnarsson, I.;Blackledge, T. A.
通讯作者：
Blackledge, T. A.
影响因子：
56.9
作者：
Lee, Seung-Mo;Pippel, Eckhard;Knez, Mato
通讯作者：
Knez, Mato
影响因子：
2.8
作者：
Agnarsson, Ingi;Dhinojwala, Ali;Blackledge, Todd A.
通讯作者：
Blackledge, Todd A.
DOI：
10.1111/j.1095-8312.2000.tb00203.x
发表时间：
2000-05-01
影响因子：
1.9
作者：
Opell, BD;Bond, JE
通讯作者：
Bond, JE
DOI：
10.1073/pnas.0901377106
发表时间：
2009-03-31
影响因子：
11.1
作者：
Blackledge, Todd A.;Scharff, Nikolaj;Agnarsson, Ingi
通讯作者：
Agnarsson, Ingi