Optimizing Modern Family Size: Trade-offs between Fertility and the Economic Costs of Reproduction.
Optimizing Modern Family Size: Trade-offs between Fertility and the Economic Costs of Reproduction.
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DOI：
10.1007/s12110-010-9080-6
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发表时间：
2010-03
影响因子：
2.5
通讯作者：
Mace, Ruth
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Lawson, David W.;Mace, Ruth
现代工业化人口缺乏财富和生育成功之间的强有力的正相关性，这是大多数传统社会的特征。虽然现代化使个人财富大幅度增加，但许多发达国家的生育率却下降到有记录以来的最低水平。这些现象与家庭的进化和经济模型相矛盾，这些模型认为财富的增加会减少后代之间的资源竞争，有利于高生育率。在这里，我们回顾的假设，文化现代化实际上可能建立异常激烈的生殖权衡富裕相对于贫困阶层，有利于低生育率。我们测试这一前提与英国的纵向数据（雅芳纵向研究的父母和孩子），探讨母亲的自我认知的经济困难，增加家庭规模和实际的社会经济地位。低收入和低教育水平的母亲认为抚养两个孩子比抚养一个孩子的经济成本最大。然而，在家庭规模进一步扩大的情况下，相对富裕和受过良好教育的母亲的生育成本似乎最高。我们讨论了我们的研究结果，并回顾了现代家庭资源稀释的长期后果。
Modern industrialized populations lack the strong positive correlations between wealth and reproductive success that characterize most traditional societies. While modernization has brought about substantial increases in personal wealth, fertility in many developed countries has plummeted to the lowest levels in recorded human history. These phenomena contradict evolutionary and economic models of the family that assume increasing wealth reduces resource competition between offspring, favoring high fertility norms. Here, we review the hypothesis that cultural modernization may in fact establish unusually intense reproductive trade-offs in wealthy relative to impoverished strata, favoring low fertility. We test this premise with British longitudinal data (the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children), exploring maternal self-perceptions of economic hardship in relation to increasing family size and actual socioeconomic status. Low-income and low-education-level mothers perceived the greatest economic costs associated with raising two versus one offspring. However, for all further increases to family size, reproduction appears most expensive for relatively wealthy and well-educated mothers. We discuss our results and review current literature on the long-term consequences of resource dilution in modern families.
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