The shift to consensus democracy and limits of institutional design in Asia

The shift to consensus democracy and limits of institutional design in Asia
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亚洲向共识民主的转变和制度设计的局限性

DOI:
10.1080/09512748.2022.2035426
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发表时间:
2022
期刊:
The Pacific Review
影响因子:
--
通讯作者:
Reilly Benjamin
Reilly Benjamin
中科院分区:
--
文献类型:
--
作者:
Kasuya Yuko;Reilly Benjamin

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20世纪90年代亚洲民主学者认为,“多数主义转向”见证了混合成员多数主义选举制度的兴起以及东北亚和东南亚更加向心的政党竞争。在本文中,我们认为,自 2000 年代以来,制度钟摆已经发生了变化,更加协商一致的民主方式似乎更好地代表了性别、种族和领土的关键身份分歧——这一趋势不仅在东亚而且在南亚都很明显。这种新的“亚洲模式”通常涉及增加现有选举方案的比例成分,并将性别配额、多民族政党名单和准联邦元素嫁接到表面上多数主义的国家结构上。我们表明,这些改革正如预期的那样,主要增加了女性和少数民族的代表性以及权力下放的治理结构。然而,与此同时,这些法律上的变革与更大民主质量方面的事实上的政治发展并不相关,这与理论预期相反。事实上,在民主制度变得更加共识的同时,亚洲大部分地区的民主却在衰落。
A ‘majoritarian turn’ identified by scholars of Asian democracy in the 1990s saw the rise of mixed-member majoritarian electoral systems and more centripetal party competition across both Northeast and Southeast Asia. In this paper, we argue that since the 2000s, the institutional pendulum has shifted, with more consensual approaches to democracy appearing to better represent key identity cleavages of gender, ethnicity, and territory—a trend evident not just in East Asia but South Asia as well. This new ‘Asian model’ typically involves increasing the proportional components of existing electoral formulas and grafting gender quotas, multiethnic party lists, and quasi-federal elements onto ostensibly majoritarian state structures. We show that these reforms have, as intended, mostly increased female and ethnic minority representation and decentralized governance structures. At the same time, however, thesede jurechanges are not associated withde factopolitical development in terms of greater democratic quality, counter to theoretical expectations. Indeed, democracy has declined across most of Asia at the same time as its democratic institutions have become more consensual.
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