Human immunodeficiency virus and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: correlation but not causation.
Human immunodeficiency virus and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: correlation but not causation.
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人类免疫缺陷病毒和获得性免疫缺陷综合症：相关但不是因果关系。
DOI：
10.1073/pnas.86.3.755
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发表时间：
1989
影响因子：
11.1
通讯作者：
Duesberg,PH
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Duesberg,PH
艾滋病是一种获得性免疫缺陷综合征，其定义为T细胞的严重耗竭和超过20种常规退行性和肿瘤性疾病。在美国和欧洲，艾滋病与95%的风险因素相关，例如大约8年的滥交男性同性恋，静脉注射毒品或血友病。由于艾滋病也与逆转录病毒抗体有关，在大约40%的美国病例中得到证实，因此假设这种病毒通过杀死T细胞引起艾滋病。因此，这种病毒被称为人类免疫缺陷病毒（HIV），HIV抗体成为艾滋病定义的一部分。艾滋病毒导致艾滋病的假设是检查科赫的假设和流行病学，生物化学，遗传和病毒病理学的进化条件。HIV不符合Koch的假设：（i）游离病毒在大多数艾滋病病例中是检测不到的;（ii）病毒只能通过体外重新激活病毒从数百万未感染的淋巴细胞中的少数潜伏感染的淋巴细胞中分离出来;（iii）纯HIV在实验性感染黑猩猩或意外感染健康人类时不会引起艾滋病。此外，HIV违反了病毒病理学的经典条件。(i)流行病学调查表明，抗体阳性者中艾滋病的年发病率从接近0到超过10%不等，这主要取决于非病毒风险因素。(ii)HIV在每10（4）个T细胞中表达少于或等于1个，而所有T细胞中约有5%在病毒感染细胞的2天内再生。(iii)如果艾滋病病毒是艾滋病的病因，那么它将是第一种只有在抗病毒免疫开始后才能引起疾病的病毒，如通过阳性“艾滋病测试”所检测到的那样。“（四）艾滋病在抗病毒免疫力出现后，要经过漫长和不可预测的无症状间隔期，平均为8年，尽管艾滋病毒在1至2天内复制，并在1至2个月内诱导免疫力。(v)艾滋病病毒被认为是通过杀死T细胞引起艾滋病的，尽管逆转录病毒只能在活细胞中复制。事实上，在培养物中生长的受感染的T细胞继续分裂。(vi)HIV与所有其他逆转录病毒是同基因的，不表达晚期艾滋病特异性基因。(vii)如果艾滋病病毒导致艾滋病，它将有一个矛盾的，国家特定的病理学，在美国引起超过90%的肺孢子虫肺炎和卡波西肉瘤，但在非洲引起超过90%的苗条病，发烧和腹泻。（viii）在过去几年中，两种病毒（HIV-1和HIV-2）只有40%的序列相关性，这是非常不可能的，这两种病毒都可能导致新定义的艾滋病综合征。此外，病毒不可能像HIV那样以50- 100%的效率杀死其唯一的天然宿主。它的结论是，艾滋病毒是不够的艾滋病，它甚至可能不是必要的艾滋病，因为它的活动是一样低的症状携带者在无症状携带者。HIV抗体和AIDS之间的相关性并不能证明因果关系，因为在其他方面无法区分的疾病现在只是根据这种抗体来区分的。我认为艾滋病不是由一种传统的病毒或微生物引起的传染性综合症。没有这样的病毒或微生物会需要近十年的时间才能引起原发性疾病，也不可能引起各种各样的艾滋病。它的宿主范围不像艾滋病那样具有选择性，如果它像艾滋病那样传播效率低下，它也无法生存。由于艾滋病的定义是传统疾病的新组合，它可能是由传统病原体的新组合引起的，包括急性病毒或微生物感染以及长期吸毒和营养不良。漫长而不可预测的间隔...
AIDS is an acquired immunodeficiency syndrome defined by a severe depletion of T cells and over 20 conventional degenerative and neoplastic diseases. In the U.S. and Europe, AIDS correlates to 95% with risk factors, such as about 8 years of promiscuous male homosexuality, intravenous drug use, or hemophilia. Since AIDS also correlates with antibody to a retrovirus, confirmed in about 40% of American cases, it has been hypothesized that this virus causes AIDS by killing T cells. Consequently, the virus was termed human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and antibody to HIV became part of the definition of AIDS. The hypothesis that HIV causes AIDS is examined in terms of Koch's postulates and epidemiological, biochemical, genetic, and evolutionary conditions of viral pathology. HIV does not fulfill Koch's postulates: (i) free virus is not detectable in most cases of AIDS; (ii) virus can only be isolated by reactivating virus in vitro from a few latently infected lymphocytes among millions of uninfected ones; (iii) pure HIV does not cause AIDS upon experimental infection of chimpanzees or accidental infection of healthy humans. Further, HIV violates classical conditions of viral pathology. (i) Epidemiological surveys indicate that the annual incidence of AIDS among antibody-positive persons varies from nearly 0 to over 10%, depending critically on nonviral risk factors. (ii) HIV is expressed in less than or equal to 1 of every 10(4) T cells it supposedly kills in AIDS, whereas about 5% of all T cells are regenerated during the 2 days it takes the virus to infect a cell. (iii) If HIV were the cause of AIDS, it would be the first virus to cause a disease only after the onset of antiviral immunity, as detected by a positive "AIDS test." (iv) AIDS follows the onset of antiviral immunity only after long and unpredictable asymptomatic intervals averaging 8 years, although HIV replicates within 1 to 2 days and induces immunity within 1 to 2 months. (v) HIV supposedly causes AIDS by killing T cells, although retroviruses can only replicate in viable cells. In fact, infected T cells grown in culture continue to divide. (vi) HIV is isogenic with all other retroviruses and does not express a late, AIDS-specific gene. (vii) If HIV were to cause AIDS, it would have a paradoxical, country-specific pathology, causing over 90% Pneumocystis pneumonia and Kaposi sarcoma in the U.S. but over 90% slim disease, fever, and diarrhea in Africa.(viii) It is highly improbable that within the last few years two viruses (HIV-1 and HIV-2) that are only 40% sequence-related would have evolved that could both cause the newly defined syndrome AIDS. Also, viruses are improbable that kill their only natural host with efficiencies of 50-100%, as is claimed for HIVs. It is concluded that HIV is not sufficient for AIDS and that it may not even be necessary for AIDS because its activity is just as low in symptomatic carriers as in asymptomatic carriers. The correlation between antibody to HIV and AIDS does not prove causation, because otherwise indistinguishable diseases are now set apart only on the basis of this antibody. I propose that AIDS is not a contagious syndrome caused by one conventional virus or microbe. No such virus or microbe would require almost a decade to cause primary disease, nor could it cause the diverse collection of AIDS diseases. Neither would its host range be as selective as that of AIDS, nor could it survive if it were as inefficiently transmitted as AIDS. Since AIDS is defined by new combinations of conventional diseases, it may be caused by new combinations of conventional pathogens, including acute viral or microbial infections and chronic drug use and malnutrition. The long and unpredictable intervals …
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获得性免疫缺陷综合症。
DOI：
10.3109/01443618609081731
发表时间：
1986
期刊：
Midwife, health visitor & community nurse
影响因子：
--
作者：
A. Pinching
通讯作者：
A. Pinching
从患有神经系统疾病的艾滋病患者中分离出的人类免疫缺陷病毒的非杀伤性天然变种
DOI：
10.1016/s0140-6736(87)90826-9
发表时间：
1987
期刊：
The Lancet
影响因子：
--
作者：
R. Anand;C. Reed;S. Forlenza;F. Siegal;T. Cheung;Jennifer L. Moore
通讯作者：
Jennifer L. Moore
缓慢且持续的病毒感染的各个方面：D. A. J. Tyrrell 编辑。
DOI：
10.1099/00222615-14-2-227
发表时间：
1981
期刊：
The Lancet
影响因子：
--
作者：
R. Sutton
通讯作者：
R. Sutton
禽 RNA 肿瘤病毒：重组机制和基因组复杂性。
DOI：
10.1101/sqb.1974.039.01.099
发表时间：
1975
期刊：
Cold Spring Harbor symposia on quantitative biology
影响因子：
--
作者：
P. Duesberg;P. Vogt;K. Beemon;M. Lai
通讯作者：
M. Lai
对抗艾滋病 — 1988 年更新
DOI：
--
发表时间：
1990
期刊：
影响因子：
--
作者：
Daija Harris
通讯作者：
Daija Harris