Functional Trade-offs Asymmetrically Promote Phenotypic Evolution.
Functional Trade-offs Asymmetrically Promote Phenotypic Evolution.
复制标题
功能权衡不对称促进表型进化。
作者：
E. Burress;M. Muñoz
权衡被认为是对进化的偏见，是许多解剖系统的核心特征。因此，权衡可能会产生深远的宏观进化后果，包括形态、功能和生态多样性的模式。与许多复杂的解剖系统一样，颌骨由涉及生物力学权衡的元素组成。我们测试了核心机械取舍，速度对力的传递(即机械优势)对新热带慈济鱼颌骨进化速率的影响。在代表广泛的摄食生态系统的130个物种中，我们发现速度-力的权衡影响了周围颌骨系统的进化。具体地说，在功能极端的情况下，颌骨进化的速度比在功能较中等或非专门化的颌骨中更快。然而，令人惊讶的是，在速度-力连续体的极端情况下，对颌骨进化的影响是不均匀的。与非专门化颌骨相比，速度改良型颌骨的进化速度快4到10倍，而力改良型颌骨的进化速度快7到18倍，这取决于专门化的程度。此外，我们发现，更极端的机械权衡导致了更快的颌骨进化速度。速度-力量权衡分别反映了从捕获密集型(例如，躲避或掩埋)的专业化到加工密集型猎物(例如，附着或带壳的)的梯度。这种权衡的速度极限表现为大量的特征变化，导致专家在功能上存在分歧，并导致生态停滞。相比之下，这种权衡的力量极端的特点是生态稳定性增强，这是因为表型更容易为不同的摄食生态所选择。这种沿每个极端的宏观进化结果的不对称性很可能是咽下巴系统效用增强的结果，因为力修改的口腔颌骨适应于需要密集处理的猎物(例如藻类、碎屑和软体动物)。速度-力的权衡是许多解剖系统的基本特征，在典型的大陆自适应辐射中促进了周围颌骨系统的快速表型进化。考虑到速度与力的权衡是所有颌骨系统的固有特征，这些系统涉及在关节处旋转的较低元素，跨越绝大多数脊椎动物，我们的结果可能广泛适用于整个生命树。[适应性辐射；约束；脱钩；大白鲨；宏观进化；专业化]。
Trade-offs are thought to bias evolution and are core features of many anatomical systems. Therefore, trade-offs may have far-reaching macroevolutionary consequences, including patterns of morphological, functional, and ecological diversity. Jaws, like many complex anatomical systems, are comprised of elements involved in biomechanical trade-offs. We test the impact of a core mechanical trade-off, transmission of velocity versus force (i.e., mechanical advantage), on rates of jaw evolution in Neotropical cichlids. Across 130 species representing a wide array of feeding ecologies, we find that the velocity-force trade-off impacts evolution of the surrounding jaw system. Specifically, rates of jaw evolution are faster at functional extremes than in more functionally intermediate or unspecialized jaws. Yet, surprisingly, the effect on jaw evolution is uneven across the extremes of the velocity-force continuum. Rates of jaw evolution are 4 to 10-fold faster in velocity-modified jaws, whereas force-modified jaws are 7 to 18-fold faster, compared to unspecialized jaws, depending on the extent of specialization. Further, we find that a more extreme mechanical trade-off resulted in faster rates of jaw evolution. The velocity-force trade-off reflects a gradient from specialization on capture-intensive (e.g., evasive or buried) to processing-intensive prey (e.g., attached or shelled), respectively. The velocity extreme of the trade-off is characterized by large magnitudes of trait change leading to functionally divergent specialists and ecological stasis. By contrast, the force extreme of the trade-off is characterized by enhanced ecological lability made possible by phenotypes more readily co-opted for different feeding ecologies. This asymmetry of macroevolutionary outcomes along each extreme is likely the result of an enhanced utility of the pharyngeal jaw system as force-modified oral jaws are adapted for prey that require intensive processing (e.g., algae, detritus, and molluscs). The velocity-force trade-off, a fundamental feature of many anatomical systems, promotes rapid phenotypic evolution of the surrounding jaw system in a canonical continental adaptive radiation. Considering that the velocity-force trade-off is an inherent feature of all jaw systems that involve a lower element that rotates at a joint, spanning the vast majority of vertebrates, our results may be widely applicable across the tree of life. [adaptive radiation; constraint; decoupling; jaws; macroevolution; specialization].
鲑鱼王 Trachipterus altivelis 的前上颌骨极度突出
影响因子：
1.5
作者：
Ferry, Lara A.;Paig‐Tran, Erin W.;Summers, Adam P.;Liem, Karel F.
通讯作者：
Liem, Karel F.
影响因子：
23.8
作者：
Schwenke RA;Lazzaro BP;Wolfner MF
通讯作者：
Wolfner MF
影响因子：
16.8
作者：
Borstein, Samuel R.;Fordyce, James A.;McGee, Matthew D.
通讯作者：
McGee, Matthew D.