OSHA, well past its infancy, but still learning how to count injuries and illnesses.
OSHA, well past its infancy, but still learning how to count injuries and illnesses.
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OSHA 早已过了起步阶段，但仍在学习如何计算伤害和疾病。
DOI：
10.1002/ajim.22623
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发表时间：
2016
影响因子：
3.5
通讯作者：
Rosenman,KennethD
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Rosenman,KennethD
尽管自1970年《职业安全与健康法案》（Occupational Safety and Health Act， OSH）通过以来已经过去了近50年，但人们对美国职业伤害和疾病监测系统是否足够的担忧仍在继续。伤病的追踪是预防的基本前提。识别风险增加的行业和工作群体，确定哪些伤害和疾病发生率最高，测量随时间的趋势，监测项目活动的效果，并确保职业伤害和疾病获得公平的关注和资源份额，这取决于准确和一致地测量伤害和疾病的数量和比率的能力。1970年最初的《职业安全与健康法案》（occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970, Pub.）承认了建立职业伤害和疾病追踪系统的重要性。L. 91-596, 84 Stat 1590。《职业安全与健康法》第24条授权美国劳工部长做以下工作：“(a)为了进一步实现本法的目的，部长应与卫生与公众服务部部长协商，制定并维持一个有效的收集、汇编和分析职业安全与健康统计数据的计划。该计划可涵盖所有职业，无论是否受本法任何其他条款的约束，但不包括本法第4条所排除的职业。”第4节排除的就业是由其他联邦机构涵盖的工人，如铁路和海事工人以及联邦和州工作人员。劳工部长选举将收集、汇编和分析职业安全与健康统计数据的责任委托给劳工部的劳工统计局（BLS）。尽管《职业安全与健康法案》授权涵盖所有工人，但劳工统计局选择将其数据收集计划建立在基于雇主的调查和补充工人补偿数据的基础上。该调查不包括个体经营者、10人以下农场工人、私人家庭工人和联邦政府工作人员（在2008年之前，所有政府工作人员都被排除在外）。在20世纪90年代，劳工统计局放弃了补充工人补偿数据，因为它只能从有限的几个州获得。劳工统计局的雇主调查从参与调查的44个州中选择了按行业分层的雇主，并从非参与调查的州中选择了足够的雇主来进行全国估计。仅提供参与州的州估计。雇主报告的每个案例都根据分层选择进行加权，以便能够从报告的个别案例推断出全国估计数。个案和权重作为机密资料保存。由于在20世纪70年代和80年代对该计划的批评，国家研究委员会召集了一个职业安全与健康统计小组，并于1987年发布了一份题为“计算工作场所的伤害和疾病：一个更好的系统的建议[NRC， 1987]”的报告。该报告有六个主要结论：(i)劳工统计局系统不足以向职业安全与健康管理局提供数据，以开展有效的计划，以防止工作场所的伤害和疾病；（ii） OSHA既没有使用提供给它的数据，也没有认识到需要数据来管理其程序；（iii）任何对劳工统计局调查的修改都不能使其测量职业病的比率；（iv）没有对劳工统计局的职业伤害调查进行充分的评估；(v)劳工统计局只收集职业安全与卫生管理局要求雇主记录的关于职业……的一小部分数据。
Although it has been almost 50 years since the passage of the Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) Act in 1970, concerns continue about the adequacy of the nation’s occupational injury and illness surveillance system. Tracking of injuries and illnesses is a basic premise of prevention. Identification of industries and work groups with increased risk, determining which injuries and illnesses have the highest incidences, measuring trends over time, monitoring the effect of program activity, and ensuring that occupational injuries and illnesses receive their fair share of attention and resources depend on the ability to accurately and consistently measure the number and rate of injuries and illnesses. The importance of developing a tracking system for occupational injuries and illnesses was recognized in the original Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) Act of 1970, Pub. L. 91-596, 84 Stat 1590. The US Secretary of Labor was authorized in Section 24 of the OSH Act to do the following:“(a) In order to further the purposes of this Act, the Secretary, in consultation with the Secretary of Health and Human Services, shall develop and maintain an effective program of collection, compilation, and analysis of occupational safety and health statistics. Such program may cover all employments whether or not subject to any other provisions of this Act but shall not cover employments excluded by section 4 of the Act.” The employments excluded in Section 4 were workers covered by other federal agencies such as railroad and maritime workers and federal and state workers. The Secretary of Labor elected to delegate responsibility to collect, compile, and analyze occupational safety and health statistics to the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) in the Department of Labor. Despite the authority in the OSH Act to cover all workers, BLS elected to base their data collection program on an employer-based survey and supplementary workers’ compensation data. The survey excludes the self-employed, workers on farms with 10 or fewer employees, private household workers, and Federal government workers (prior to 2008 all governmental workers were excluded). In the 1990’s, BLS dropped the supplementary workers’ compensation data, because it could only be obtained from a limited number of states. The BLS employer survey selects employers stratified by industries from the 44 states participating in the survey and sufficient employers from non-participating states to produce national estimates. State estimates are only provided for the participating states. Each case reported by an employer is weighted according to the stratified selection so as to allow extrapolation from the individual cases reported to a national estimate. Individual cases and weighting are maintained as confidential information.Because of criticisms of the program during the 1970’s and 1980’s, a Panel on Occupational Safety and Health Statistics was convened by the National Research Council and issued a report in 1987 titled “Counting Injuries and Illnesses in the Workplace: Proposals for a Better System [NRC, 1987].” There were six major conclusions of that report:(i) the BLS system was inadequate in providing OSHA with data to conduct an effective program to prevent workplace injuries and illnesses;(ii) OSHA has neither used the data provided to it nor recognized the need for data to manage its program;(iii) no modification of the BLS survey would enable it to measure the rate of occupational illnesses;(iv) no adequate evaluation of the BLS survey for occupational injuries had been conducted;(v) BLS collects only a small proportion of the data employers are required by OSHA to record on occupational …
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使用多个数据源监测马萨诸塞州与工作相关的截肢情况，与官方估计进行比较以及对国家监测的影响。
影响因子：
3.5
作者：
L. Davis;Kathleen M Grattan;Sangwoo Tak;Lucy F Bullock;A. Ozonoff;L. Boden
通讯作者：
L. Boden
影响因子：
3.5
作者：
Bhandari, Ruchi;Marsh, Suzanne M.;Tonozzi, Theresa R.
通讯作者：
Tonozzi, Theresa R.
影响因子：
3.5
作者：
Wuellner, Sara E.;Bonauto, David K.
通讯作者：
Bonauto, David K.
计算工作场所的伤害和疾病：关于更好系统的建议
DOI：
10.17226/18911
发表时间：
1987
期刊：
The New England Journal of Medicine
影响因子：
--
作者：
E. Pollack;D. G. Keimig
通讯作者：
D. G. Keimig
密歇根州与工作相关的颅骨骨折监测。
影响因子：
4.1
作者：
Kica,Joanna;Rosenman,KennethD
通讯作者：
Rosenman,KennethD