Evolutionary pressures on simple sequence repeats in prokaryotic coding regions.

Evolutionary pressures on simple sequence repeats in prokaryotic coding regions.
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DOI:
10.1093/nar/gkr1078
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发表时间:
2012-03
影响因子:
14.9
通讯作者:
Kussell E
Kussell E
中科院分区:
生物学2区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Lin WH;Kussell E

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简单重复序列(SSR)是基因组中的indel突变热点。在原核生物中,SSR位点可以引起相位变化,这是一种依赖于基因活性的随机可逆开关的微生物生存策略。通过分析42个全序列原核生物的多个菌株,我们测量了编码区SSR的相对变异性和密度分布。我们证明,重复类型强烈影响indel突变率,最易变的类型是最强烈地避免跨基因组。我们彻底表征了SSR密度和变异性随蛋白质序列沿着N→C位置的变化。使用密码子改组算法,保留氨基酸序列,我们评估SSR的进化压力。我们发现,编码序列抑制重复在中间的蛋白质,并丰富重复接近末端,产生U形SSR密度曲线。我们表明,对于许多物种,这种特征形状可以归因于蛋白质结构的纯粹生物物理约束。然而,在许多情况下,特别是在某些病原菌中,我们观察到蛋白质N-末端附近的SSR的过度富集显著超出基于结构约束的预期。这增加了移码导致非功能蛋白质的可能性,揭示了这些物种可能进化地调整编码区中的SSR位置以促进相位变化。
Simple sequence repeats (SSRs) are indel mutational hotspots in genomes. In prokaryotes, SSR loci can cause phase variation, a microbial survival strategy that relies on stochastic, reversible on–off switching of gene activity. By analyzing multiple strains of 42 fully sequenced prokaryotic species, we measure the relative variability and density distribution of SSRs in coding regions. We demonstrate that repeat type strongly influences indel mutation rates, and that the most mutable types are most strongly avoided across genomes. We thoroughly characterize SSR density and variability as a function of N→C position along protein sequences. Using codon-shuffling algorithms that preserve amino acid sequence, we assess evolutionary pressures on SSRs. We find that coding sequences suppress repeats in the middle of proteins, and enrich repeats near termini, yielding U-shaped SSR density curves. We show that for many species this characteristic shape can be attributed to purely biophysical constraints of protein structure. In multiple cases, however, particularly in certain pathogenic bacteria, we observe over enrichment of SSRs near protein N-termini significantly beyond expectation based on structural constraints. This increases the probability that frameshifts result in non-functional proteins, revealing that these species may evolutionarily tune SSR positions in coding regions to facilitate phase variation.
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通过选择稳定性形成的DNA序列。
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