Dynamic pressure evolution within the 18 May 1980 Mount St. Helens pyroclastic density current: evidence from tree damage

Dynamic pressure evolution within the 18 May 1980 Mount St. Helens pyroclastic density current: evidence from tree damage
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1980 年 5 月 18 日圣海伦火山火山碎屑密度流内的动态压力演变:树木损坏的证据

DOI:
10.1007/s00445-022-01548-6
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发表时间:
2022
影响因子:
3.5
通讯作者:
Helper, Mark A.
Helper, Mark A.
中科院分区:
地球科学3区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Guinn, Nicole K.;Gardner, James E.;Helper, Mark A.

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火山碎屑密度流 (PDC) 的影响可能是毁灭性的,因此了解其内部动力学和演化对于灾害评估非常重要。我们使用位于圣海伦斯火山(美国)周围的受损树木作为 1980 年 5 月 18 日爆发的 PDC 动态压力 (Pdyn) 的代表。我们记录了受损森林内侧和远端受损树木的位置、分布和树叶保存情况。火山喷发一个月后的亚米分辨率航拍照片可以区分保留叶子的直立树木和那些被剥夺的树木。直立树木的高度是通过测量其影子的长度来估算的。沿 PDC 传播路径计算指定区域内的直立树木数量。根据测量的树木高度,我们估计了 Pdyn 产生的树木倒塌应力。总体而言,排污区内侧到远端部分的 PDC 头的 Pdyn 范围为 10 至 35 kPa。Pdyn 可能随着距离的增加而减弱,这一点可以从受灾区域外部的直​​立树木数量增加看出。此外,我们在一些山丘的背风面还发现了成群的直立树木。我们认为这些簇得以幸存,因为它们主要受到 PDC 体内存在的较低动态压力的影响,叶子保留或剥离是 PDC 体内 Pdynevolution 的函数。我们估计身体的 Pdyn 比 PDC 头部的估计最大 Pdyn 小 12±±4 kPa。
The effects of pyroclastic density currents (PDCs) can be devastating, so understanding their internal dynamics and evolution is important for hazard assessment. We use damaged trees located around Mount St. Helens (USA) as proxy for the dynamic pressure (Pdyn) of the PDC erupted on 18 May 1980. We recorded the location, distribution, and foliage preservation of damaged trees within the medial and distal parts of the devastated forest. Sub-meter resolution aerial photographs from a month after the eruption allow distinction between standing trees that retained foliage from those that were stripped. Heights of standing trees were estimated from the measured lengths of their shadows. The number of standing trees was counted within defined areas along the propagation paths of PDCs. From the measured tree heights, we estimated tree toppling stresses fromPdyn. Overall,Pdynof the PDC head within the medial to distal portions of the blowdown zone ranged from 10 to 35 kPa.Pdynlikely waned with distance, as shown by the increased number of standing trees in the outer parts of the devastated area. In addition, we find clusters of standing trees on the lee sides of some hills. We propose that these clusters survived because they were primarily impacted by lower dynamic pressures extant within the PDC body, with foliage retention or stripping as a function of thePdynevolution in the PDC body. We estimate thatPdynof the body was less than the estimated maximumPdynof the PDC head by 12 ± 4 kPa.
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