A Cretaceous Chafer Beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) with Exaggerated Hind Legs-Insight from Comparative Functional Morphology into a Possible Spring Movement.
A Cretaceous Chafer Beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) with Exaggerated Hind Legs-Insight from Comparative Functional Morphology into a Possible Spring Movement.
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具有夸张后腿的白垩纪金龟子甲虫（鞘翅目：金龟子科）——从比较功能形态学洞察可能的春季运动
作者：
夸张的形态结构吸引着进化生物学家和公众，特别是圣甲虫以其各种夸张的特征而闻名。在这里，我们报告了一种中生代圣甲虫新属和新种，它的后腿异常强壮和结构，身体的背和腹表面有精细的彩色标记图案。基于形态学特征，我们进行了系统发育和形态计量学分析。研究结果支持这个新分类单元在圣甲虫胸膜虫谱系中的位置，因此代表了其最早的记录之一。我们假设，夸张的腿部结构支持弹跳运动和战斗。此外，该化石不同寻常的标记模式表明，新分类群表现出昼夜觅食行为，可能会访问下白垩纪植物的叶子或花朵。这项研究为中生代昆虫的夸张结构和这一多样化甲虫家族的进化时间提供了新的见解。几个世纪以来，夸张的形态结构现象一直吸引着人们。金龟子科的甲虫表现出许多非常多样化的夸张特征，例如，各种各样的角，扩大的下颌骨或延长的触角片。本文报道了一种来自下白垩统义县组（~125 Ma）的新生中生代圣甲虫Antiqusolidus maculatus gen. et sp. n.，这种甲虫具有异常粗大的后肢结构，刺突明显增大，顶端突起细长。在模拟和有限元分析的基础上，假设这些结构的功能是支持弹跳，以帮助运动和战斗。根据现有的形态学特征，对金龟子总科的主要亚科和科进行了系统发育分析（最大简约性）。研究结果支持将Antiqusolidus gen. n.作为金龟科（Scarabaeidae）植食性分支中Rutelinae的姊妹类群。此外，化石标本中不寻常的精致颜色标记模式表明，新物种可能是白天活动的，可能会访问早白垩纪植物的叶子或花朵。这一已灭绝的圣甲虫的形态和功能研究为研究中生代昆虫的夸张结构提供了新的视角。
Exaggerated morphological structures are fascinating for evolutionary biologists and the public, and scarab beetles in particular are famous for their diverse exaggerated characters. Here, we report a new genus and species of Mesozoic scarab beetle with unusually robust and structured hind legs and fine color marking patterns on the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the body. Based on morphological characters, we performed phylogenetic and morphometric analyses. The results support the placement of this new taxon in the pleurostict lineage of scarab beetles, consequently representing one of its earliest records. We hypothesize that the exaggerated leg structures supported springing movements and fighting. Furthermore, the unusual marking patterns of this fossil suggest that the new taxon exhibited diurnal foraging behavior, potentially visiting leaves or flowers of Lower Cretaceous plants. This study provides new insights into the exaggerated structures of Mesozoic insects and the timing of the evolution of this diverse beetle family. The phenomenon of exaggerated morphological structures has fascinated people for centuries. Beetles of the family Scarabaeidae show many very diverse exaggerated characters, for example, a variety of horns, enlarged mandibles or elongated antennal lamellae. Here, we report a new Mesozoic scarab, Antiqusolidus maculatus gen. et sp. n. from the Lower Cretaceous Yixian Formation (~125 Ma), which has unusually robust and structured hind legs with greatly enlarged spurs and a unique elongated apical process. Based on simulations and finite element analyses, the function of these structures is hypothesized to support springing to aid movement and fighting. Based on available morphological characters, we performed phylogenetic analyses (maximum parsimony) of the main subfamilies and families of Scarabaeoidea. The results support the placement of Antiqusolidus gen. n. as a sister group of Rutelinae within the phytophagous lineage of pleurostict Scarabaeidae. Furthermore, the unusual delicate color marking patterns in the fossil specimens suggest that the new species might have been diurnal and potentially visited the leaves or flowers of Early Cretaceous plants. This morphological and functional study on this extinct scarab species provides new sights into exaggerated structures in Mesozoic insects.
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