Ideals and category typicality.
Ideals and category typicality.
复制标题
理想和类别典型性。
DOI：
10.1037/a0023916
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发表时间：
2011
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
G. Murphy
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
ShinWoo Kim;G. Murphy
Barsalou（1985）认为服务于类别目标的范例成为更典型的类别成员。虽然这一说法得到了支持，但我们调查了(a)类别是否有一个单一的理想，因为负价值类别（例如香烟）经常有相互冲突的目标，以及(b)理想项目是否实际上是典型的，因为它们通常具有不寻常的属性。由于过去关于理想的研究在很大程度上是相关的，并且经常使用与目标不密切相关的类别（例如，树，鸟，鱼），因此我们采用了一种实验方法，使用具有明显目标的类别。我们的研究结果表明，具有目标实现特征的样本通常被认为比具有平均特征的样本更不典型。此外，虽然被试对中性和积极类别的理想有普遍共识，但他们对消极价值类别的理想持相反意见。我们发现理想感知的这种双峰性是由于对类别采取不同的观点；然而，视角改变了范畴范例的理想性，并不影响其典型性。简而言之，最能满足类别目标的理想范例不一定被认为是典型的。我们将理想的目标实现方面与极端价值的结构概念（例如，非常高的树）进行了对比，这可能通过其他机制影响典型性。
Barsalou (1985) argued that exemplars that serve category goals become more typical category members. Although this claim has received support, we investigated (a) whether categories have a single ideal, as negatively valenced categories (e.g., cigarette) often have conflicting goals, and (b) whether ideal items are in fact typical, as they often have unusual attributes. Because past studies on ideals were largely correlational and often used categories not strongly associated to goals (e.g., tree, bird, fish), we took an experimental approach, using categories with obvious goals. Our results indicated that exemplars having goal-fulfilling characteristics are generally judged as less typical than exemplars with average features. Also, although subjects had a general consensus on the ideals of neutral and positive categories, they held opposing opinions on the ideals of the negatively valenced categories. We found that this bimodality in idealness perception was due to differing perspectives taken on the categories; however, perspectives that changed idealness of category exemplars did not influence their typicality. In short, ideal exemplars that best serve category goals are not necessarily perceived as typical. We contrast the goal-fulfilling aspect of ideals with the structural notion of extreme values (e.g., very tall trees), which may influence typicality through other mechanisms.
DOI：
--
发表时间：
1989-03
期刊：
--
影响因子：
--
作者：
U. Neisser
通讯作者：
U. Neisser