Identification and comparative analysis of the protocadherin cluster in a reptile, the green anole lizard.
Identification and comparative analysis of the protocadherin cluster in a reptile, the green anole lizard.
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DOI：
10.1371/journal.pone.0007614
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发表时间：
2009-10-29
期刊：
影响因子：
3.7
通讯作者：
Yu WP
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Jiang XJ;Li S;Ravi V;Venkatesh B;Yu WP
脊椎动物原钙粘附素是细胞黏附分子的一个亚家族，主要在神经系统中表达，在动物发育过程中被认为在建立复杂的神经网络中发挥着重要作用。编码这些分子的基因在基因组中被组织成一个簇。对不同脊椎动物中原钙粘附素亚群组织和基因排列的比较分析为脊椎动物基因组进化史提供了有趣的见解。在四足动物中，原钙粘附素簇只在哺乳动物中得到了充分的表征。在这项研究中，我们报告了爬行动物绿色变色蜥蜴(Anolis Carolinensis)中原钙粘附素簇的鉴定和比较分析。我们发现anole Protocadherin簇跨越一兆个数据库，总共编码71个基因。负极原钙粘附素簇中的基因数目显著高于腔棘鱼(49个基因)和哺乳动物(54-59个基因)簇。Anole Protocadherin基因被组织成四个亚簇：δ，α，β和γ。这种亚簇组织与腔棘鱼原钙粘蛋白簇的组织相同，但不同于缺乏δ亚簇的哺乳动物簇。Anole Protocadherin簇中基因数量的增加在很大程度上是由于γb亚组中广泛的基因复制。与腔棘鱼和象鲨的原钙粘附素基因类似，变态原钙粘附素基因经历了低频率的基因转换。我们的结果表明，与其他脊椎动物中的原钙粘蛋白簇相似，anole原钙粘蛋白簇的进化主要是由谱系特异的基因复制和退化驱动的。我们的分析还表明，哺乳动物谱系中的原钙粘蛋白δ亚簇的丢失发生在哺乳动物和爬行动物的分化之后。我们提出了一个关于四足类原钙粘附素簇进化历史的模型。
The vertebrate protocadherins are a subfamily of cell adhesion molecules that are predominantly expressed in the nervous system and are believed to play an important role in establishing the complex neural network during animal development. Genes encoding these molecules are organized into a cluster in the genome. Comparative analysis of the protocadherin subcluster organization and gene arrangements in different vertebrates has provided interesting insights into the history of vertebrate genome evolution. Among tetrapods, protocadherin clusters have been fully characterized only in mammals. In this study, we report the identification and comparative analysis of the protocadherin cluster in a reptile, the green anole lizard (Anolis carolinensis). We show that the anole protocadherin cluster spans over a megabase and encodes a total of 71 genes. The number of genes in the anole protocadherin cluster is significantly higher than that in the coelacanth (49 genes) and mammalian (54–59 genes) clusters. The anole protocadherin genes are organized into four subclusters: the δ, α, β and γ. This subcluster organization is identical to that of the coelacanth protocadherin cluster, but differs from the mammalian clusters which lack the δ subcluster. The gene number expansion in the anole protocadherin cluster is largely due to the extensive gene duplication in the γb subgroup. Similar to coelacanth and elephant shark protocadherin genes, the anole protocadherin genes have experienced a low frequency of gene conversion. Our results suggest that similar to the protocadherin clusters in other vertebrates, the evolution of anole protocadherin cluster is driven mainly by lineage-specific gene duplications and degeneration. Our analysis also shows that loss of the protocadherin δ subcluster in the mammalian lineage occurred after the divergence of mammals and reptiles. We present a model for the evolutionary history of the protocadherin cluster in tetrapods.
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DOI：
10.1073/pnas.0609445104
发表时间：
2006-12-26
影响因子：
11.1
作者：
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通讯作者：
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