Stable water isotope signals in tropical ice clouds in the West African monsoon simulated with a regional convection-permitting model

Stable water isotope signals in tropical ice clouds in the West African monsoon simulated with a regional convection-permitting model
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用区域对流允许模型模拟西非季风热带冰云中的稳定水同位素信号

DOI:
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发表时间:
2022
影响因子:
6.3
通讯作者:
H. Wernli
H. Wernli
中科院分区:
地球科学1区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Andrie De Vries;F. Aemisegger;S. Pfahl;H. Wernli

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抽象的。热带冰云对全球气候变化有重要影响 地球的辐射平衡。它们通常是由热带深部形成的 对流,它强烈影响着热带地区的水收支 对流层顶层。冰云的形成涉及复杂的相互作用 不同的刻度。这些过程还没有被完全理解,并导致了 气候预测中的不确定性。在本研究中,我们调查了 与西部深对流有关的热带冰云的形成 非洲季风,使用稳定的水同位素作为潮湿大气的示踪剂 流程。我们与区域小尺度模拟联合会一起进行允许对流的模拟 2016年6月至7月期间的同位素启用(COSMOiso)模型。第一, 我们使用对流层中层水汽同位素的空间观测、降水同位素的月站数据和基于卫星的降水量估计来评估我们的模型模拟。接下来,我们将探索同位素签名 大气水蒸气和冰中的热带深对流 一次中尺度对流系统(MCS)个例分析及统计分析 1个月的期限。以下五个与热带气候有关的关键过程 根据同位素信息可以区分冰云:(1)对流 富含冰的浮云进入对流层上层,(2)卷云 在平衡分馏下由环境水蒸气原位形成,(3)冰在混合相云层中的沉积和升华。 对流系统附近和卷云屏蔽层下,(4)对流下沉气流中冰的升华,从而丰富了环境 水蒸气,以及(5)略高于0 ∘C的液态水的冻结 对流上升气流中的等温。重要的是,我们注意到在 对流层上层和下层水汽的同位素组成 热带对流层顶层,从低于−800 ‰到 超过−400 ‰,这与垂直市场密切相关 发生在对流上升气流中的运动和湿过程 下风。在对流上升气流中,水蒸气被 重同位素的优先凝聚和沉积,而 对流下沉气流中冰的非分馏升华使 环境蒸气。一个相反的水汽同位素特征出现在薄卷云区域,在那里浓缩(贫化)的直接输送 在大规模的上升(下降)中,蒸汽占上风。总体而言,这项研究 证明了同位素可以作为有用的示踪剂来解开 不同过程在西非季风水循环中的作用, 包括对流输送、冰云的形成以及它们 对热带对流层顶层的影响。
Abstract. Tropical ice clouds have an important influence on the Earth's radiative balance. They often form as a result of tropical deep convection, which strongly affects the water budget of the tropical tropopause layer. Ice cloud formation involves complex interactions on various scales. These processes are not yet fully understood and lead to large uncertainties in climate projections. In this study, we investigate the formation of tropical ice clouds related to deep convection in the West African monsoon, using stable water isotopes as tracers of moist atmospheric processes. We perform convection-permitting simulations with the regional Consortium for Small-Scale Modelling isotope-enabled (COSMOiso) model for the period from June to July 2016. First, we evaluate our model simulations using space-borne observations of mid-tropospheric water vapour isotopes, monthly station data of precipitation isotopes, and satellite-based precipitation estimates. Next, we explore the isotope signatures of tropical deep convection in atmospheric water vapour and ice based on a case study of a mesoscale convective system (MCS) and a statistical analysis of a 1-month period. The following five key processes related to tropical ice clouds can be distinguished based on isotope information: (1) convective lofting of enriched ice into the upper troposphere, (2) cirrus clouds that form in situ from ambient vapour under equilibrium fractionation, (3) sedimentation and sublimation of ice in the mixed-phase cloud layer in the vicinity of convective systems and underneath cirrus shields, (4) sublimation of ice in convective downdraughts that enriches the environmental vapour, and (5) the freezing of liquid water just above the 0 ∘C isotherm in convective updraughts. Importantly, we note large variations in the isotopic composition of water vapour in the upper troposphere and lower tropical tropopause layer, ranging from below −800 ‰ to over −400 ‰, which are strongly related to vertical motion and the moist processes that take place in convective updraughts and downdraughts. In convective updraughts, the vapour is depleted by the preferential condensation and deposition of heavy isotopes, whereas the non-fractionating sublimation of ice in convective downdraughts enriches the environmental vapour. An opposite vapour isotope signature emerges in thin-cirrus cloud regions where the direct transport of enriched (depleted) vapour prevails in large-scale ascent (descent). Overall, this study demonstrates that isotopes can serve as useful tracers to disentangle the role of different processes in the West African monsoon water cycle, including convective transport, the formation of ice clouds, and their impact on the tropical tropopause layer.
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发表时间: 2020-08
影响因子: 6.8
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影响因子: 6.3
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