Intra- and inter-pandemic variations of antiviral, antibiotics and decongestants in wastewater treatment plants and receiving rivers.
Intra- and inter-pandemic variations of antiviral, antibiotics and decongestants in wastewater treatment plants and receiving rivers.
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DOI：
10.1371/journal.pone.0108621
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发表时间：
2014
期刊：
影响因子：
3.7
通讯作者：
Söderström H
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Singer AC;Järhult JD;Grabic R;Khan GA;Lindberg RH;Fedorova G;Fick J;Bowes MJ;Olsen B;Söderström H
11种抗生素的浓度（甲氧苄啶、土霉素、环丙沙星、阿奇霉素、头孢噻肟、强力霉素、磺胺甲恶唑、红霉素、克拉霉素、氧氟沙星、诺氟沙星）、三种减充血剂（萘甲唑啉、羟甲唑啉、赛洛唑啉）和抗病毒药物奥司他韦的活性代谢产物奥司他韦羧酸盐（OC），在2009年11月，即甲型H1N1流感pdm 09大流行的秋季高峰期间，在英格兰泰晤士河流域的21个地点每周测量一次。其目的是量化对大流行的药物反应，并将其与大流行后期（2010年3月）和大流行期间（2011年5月）的药物使用进行比较。2009年11月，对一个大型和小型污水处理厂（WWTP）进行了采样，以了解两个WWTP中的分析物在进入接收河流之前的不同命运，并使用废水流行病学方法估计吸毒者。在小型和大型污水处理厂的进水平均每小时OC浓度分别为208和350纳克/升（最大值，2070和550纳克/升，分别）。红霉素是在Benson和Oxford WWTP流入物中测得的浓度最高的抗生素（最大值分别为6，870和2，930 ng/L）。 在Benson污水处理厂进水（1650和67 ng/L）和出水（696和307 ng/L）中，分别最常检测到和浓缩的解充血剂是萘唑啉和羟甲唑啉，但在牛津污水处理厂中低于检测。在2009年11月的每周河流样本中，有73%发现了OC（最大值= 193 ng/L），但在大流行后期和大流行期间的河流样本中，分别仅为5%和0%。 在大流行期间，每种抗生素的平均河流浓度基本上在17-74 ng/L之间，克拉霉素（最大值= 292 ng/L）和红霉素（最大值= 448 ng/L）产生最高的单一测量值。 总体而言，在大流行期间，河流中检测抗生素的浓度和频率都有所增加。OC是唯一非常适合的废水流行病学的方法，由于其性质作为一种前体药物，药物和时间和空间分辨的处方统计。
The concentration of eleven antibiotics (trimethoprim, oxytetracycline, ciprofloxacin, azithromycin, cefotaxime, doxycycline, sulfamethoxazole, erythromycin, clarithromycin, ofloxacin, norfloxacin), three decongestants (naphazoline, oxymetazoline, xylometazoline) and the antiviral drug oseltamivir’s active metabolite, oseltamivir carboxylate (OC), were measured weekly at 21 locations within the River Thames catchment in England during the month of November 2009, the autumnal peak of the influenza A[H1N1]pdm09 pandemic. The aim was to quantify the pharmaceutical response to the pandemic and compare this to drug use during the late pandemic (March 2010) and the inter-pandemic periods (May 2011). A large and small wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) were sampled in November 2009 to understand the differential fate of the analytes in the two WWTPs prior to their entry in the receiving river and to estimate drug users using a wastewater epidemiology approach. Mean hourly OC concentrations in the small and large WWTP’s influent were 208 and 350 ng/L (max, 2070 and 550 ng/L, respectively). Erythromycin was the most concentrated antibiotic measured in Benson and Oxford WWTPs influent (max = 6,870 and 2,930 ng/L, respectively). Napthazoline and oxymetazoline were the most frequently detected and concentrated decongestant in the Benson WWTP influent (1650 and 67 ng/L) and effluent (696 and 307 ng/L), respectively, but were below detection in the Oxford WWTP. OC was found in 73% of November 2009’s weekly river samples (max = 193 ng/L), but only in 5% and 0% of the late- and inter-pandemic river samples, respectively. The mean river concentration of each antibiotic during the pandemic largely fell between 17–74 ng/L, with clarithromycin (max = 292 ng/L) and erythromycin (max = 448 ng/L) yielding the highest single measure. In general, the concentration and frequency of detecting antibiotics in the river increased during the pandemic. OC was uniquely well-suited for the wastewater epidemiology approach owing to its nature as a prodrug, recalcitrance and temporally- and spatially-resolved prescription statistics.
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