Update on the mechanisms and roles of high-frequency oscillations in seizures and epileptic disorders.
Update on the mechanisms and roles of high-frequency oscillations in seizures and epileptic disorders.
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作者：
Jiruska P;Alvarado-Rojas C;Schevon CA;Staba R;Stacey W;Wendling F;Avoli M
高频振荡(HFO)是一种大脑活动，从能够产生癫痫的大脑区域记录下来。由于HFO与致痫组织和癫痫发生密切相关，了解其细胞和网络机制可以为癫痫网络的组织以及这些网络的异常活动如何导致癫痫发作提供有价值的信息。在这篇综述中，我们总结了HFO领域的最新进展，并在已有知识的背景下对新的观察结果进行了关键评估。最近记录技术的改进和光遗传学在癫痫研究中的引入加强了对HFO的实验工作。利用先进的计算机模型，新的癫痫高密度脂蛋白的细胞底物被识别出来，并确定了特定的神经元亚型在高密度脂蛋白的发生中的作用。传统上，HFOS的发病机制主要在颞叶癫痫患者和模拟这种情况的动物模型中进行探索。据报道，HFO还出现在其他癫痫疾病和模型中，如新皮质癫痫、基因决定的癫痫和婴儿痉挛，这进一步支持了HFO在癫痫的病理生理学中的重要性。越来越多的人认识到，HFO是由蜂窝和网络水平上的多种机制产生的。未来对HFO的研究将结合新颖的高分辨率活体成像技术和利用光遗传学或化学遗传学精确控制神经元行为，将为HFO在癫痫发作和癫痫发生中的因果作用提供证据。对HFO病理生理学的详细了解将推动更好的HFO分类，并增加其临床和诊断目的的信息量。
High-frequency oscillations (HFOs) are a type of brain activity that is recorded from brain regions capable of generating seizures. Due to the close association of HFOs with epileptogenic tissue and ictogenesis, understanding their cellular and network mechanisms could provide valuable information about the organization of epileptogenic networks and how seizures emerge from the abnormal activity of these networks. In this review we summarize the most recent advances in the field of HFOs and provide a critical evaluation of new observations within the context of already established knowledge. Recent improvements in recording technology and the introduction of optogenetics into epilepsy research has intensified experimental work on HFOs. Using advanced computer models, new cellular substrates of epileptic HFOs were identified and the role of specific neuronal subtypes in HFO genesis determined. Traditionally, the pathogenesis of HFOs was explored mainly in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy and in animal models mimicking this condition. HFOs have also been reported to occur in other epileptic disorders and models such as neocortical epilepsy, genetically-determined epilepsies and infantile spasms, which further support the significance of HFOs in the pathophysiology of epilepsy. It is increasingly recognized that HFOs are generated by multiple mechanisms at both cellular and network level. Future studies on HFOs combining novel high-resolution in vivo imaging techniques and precise control of neuronal behavior using optogenetics or chemogenetics will provide evidence about the causal role of HFOs in seizures and epileptogenesis. Detailed understanding of the pathophysiology of HFOs will propel better HFO classification and increase their information yield for clinical and diagnostic purposes.
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