Shrinking body sizes in response to warming: explanations for the temperature-size rule with special emphasis on the role of oxygen.
Shrinking body sizes in response to warming: explanations for the temperature-size rule with special emphasis on the role of oxygen.
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响应变暖的身体大小缩小：温度大小规则的解释，特别强调氧气的作用。
DOI：
10.1111/brv.12653
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发表时间：
2021-03
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Siepel H
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Verberk WCEP;Atkinson D;Hoefnagel KN;Hirst AG;Horne CR;Siepel H
从有机体繁殖力到群落和生态系统的功能，体型对生态学至关重要。因此，了解温度引起的体型变化具有基础和应用意义，但对体型的热反应仍然知之甚少。温度-尺寸（T-S）反应往往是负的（例如，当在温暖的条件下饲养时，成熟时的体型较小），这被称为温度-尺寸规则（TSR）。解释要么强调生理机制（例如氧气或其他资源的限制以及温度依赖的资源分配），要么强调大体型（例如提高繁殖力）或短发育时间（例如应对温暖条件下死亡率增加）的适应价值。氧气限制可能是一个近似的因素，但我们认为它更有可能是一种选择压力，在温暖的环境中减少体型：氧气限制的风险将随着进化而减少，因为进化消除了更倾向于氧气限制的基因型。因此，T-S反应可以用“过去氧气限制的幽灵”来解释，由此产生的（进化的）T-S反应在温暖的条件下保证了足够的氧气供应，反映了祖先经历的氧气供应和需求之间的平衡。不同物种的T-S反应差异很大，但其中一些差异是可以预测的。随着气候变暖，水生分类群的体型减小幅度大于陆生分类群。我们讨论了大型水生类群在生长过程中是否会面临更大的氧气限制风险，这可能表现在细胞水平、鳃水平和整个生物体水平。与水生物种相比，陆生变温动物可能不太容易受到氧气限制，并且优先考虑早熟而不是大体型，这可能是因为越冬更具挑战性，伴随着更强的季节结束时间限制。与时间限制和氧气限制有关的机制并不是相互排斥的TSR解释。相反，这些机制和其他机制可能协同运作。但它们的相对重要性可能因物种的生态和生理而异，这不仅解释了负T-S反应的一般趋势，还解释了呼吸方式（例如水呼吸动物与空气呼吸动物）、基因组大小、voltinism和热相关行为（例如恒温动物）不同动物之间T-S反应的差异。
Body size is central to ecology at levels ranging from organismal fecundity to the functioning of communities and ecosystems. Understanding temperature‐induced variations in body size is therefore of fundamental and applied interest, yet thermal responses of body size remain poorly understood. Temperature–size (T–S) responses tend to be negative (e.g. smaller body size at maturity when reared under warmer conditions), which has been termed the temperature–size rule (TSR). Explanations emphasize either physiological mechanisms (e.g. limitation of oxygen or other resources and temperature‐dependent resource allocation) or the adaptive value of either a large body size (e.g. to increase fecundity) or a short development time (e.g. in response to increased mortality in warm conditions). Oxygen limitation could act as a proximate factor, but we suggest it more likely constitutes a selective pressure to reduce body size in the warm: risks of oxygen limitation will be reduced as a consequence of evolution eliminating genotypes more prone to oxygen limitation. Thus, T–S responses can be explained by the ‘Ghost of Oxygen‐limitation Past’, whereby the resulting (evolved) T–S responses safeguard sufficient oxygen provisioning under warmer conditions, reflecting the balance between oxygen supply and demands experienced by ancestors. T–S responses vary considerably across species, but some of this variation is predictable. Body‐size reductions with warming are stronger in aquatic taxa than in terrestrial taxa. We discuss whether larger aquatic taxa may especially face greater risks of oxygen limitation as they grow, which may be manifested at the cellular level, the level of the gills and the whole‐organism level. In contrast to aquatic species, terrestrial ectotherms may be less prone to oxygen limitation and prioritize early maturity over large size, likely because overwintering is more challenging, with concomitant stronger end‐of season time constraints. Mechanisms related to time constraints and oxygen limitation are not mutually exclusive explanations for the TSR. Rather, these and other mechanisms may operate in tandem. But their relative importance may vary depending on the ecology and physiology of the species in question, explaining not only the general tendency of negative T–S responses but also variation in T–S responses among animals differing in mode of respiration (e.g. water breathers versus air breathers), genome size, voltinism and thermally associated behaviour (e.g. heliotherms).
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影响因子：
16.8
作者：
Atkinson, D;Sibly, RM
通讯作者：
Sibly, RM
影响因子：
2.5
作者：
Banas, Neil S.;Campbell, Robert G.
通讯作者：
Campbell, Robert G.
影响因子：
6.1
作者：
AYRES, MP;SCRIBER, JM
通讯作者：
SCRIBER, JM
DOI：
10.1098/rspb.2015.0441
发表时间：
2015-06-22
影响因子：
4.7
作者：
Buckley, Lauren B.;Nufio, Cesar R.;Kingsolver, Joel G.
通讯作者：
Kingsolver, Joel G.
影响因子：
16.8
作者：
Audzijonyte, Asta;Richards, Shane A.;Blanchard, Julia L.
通讯作者：
Blanchard, Julia L.