Pandemics: Health Care Emergencies
Pandemics: Health Care Emergencies
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流行病：医疗紧急情况
DOI：
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发表时间：
2017
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
H. Holloway
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
J. Morganstein;C. Fullerton;R. Ursano;D. Donato;H. Holloway
流行病具有全球范围的大规模毁灭性，从历史上看，它比任何其他类型的灾难都更具破坏性。许多世纪以来，只有战争和故意灭绝种族的人为灾难才能与传染病暴发的致命性相抗衡。流感大流行的历史--大约每10-30年发生一次--具有显著的全球影响和对大规模疾病、慢性残疾和死亡的关注。在过去的几个世纪里，这种担忧包括鼠疫、小儿麻痹症、结核病和天花。1918-1919年的西班牙流感大流行，估计造成2000-4000万人死亡(比第一次世界大战的死亡人数还多)，提醒人们这场全球灾难的致命潜力(http：//virus.stanford.edu/uda/)。尽管预防、早期发现和治疗干预措施似乎减少了感染人数，但在过去30年中，人类传染病暴发一直在稳步上升(Smith等人，2014年)。仅在过去十年，严重急性呼吸系统综合症(SARS)、甲型H1N1“猪”流感和埃博拉疫情的爆发就引起了整个国际社会的高度关注。中东呼吸综合征(MERS)和最近的寨卡病毒已经造成了显著的发病率和死亡率。所有这些疫情都代表着对全球卫生安全的重大威胁，并突出了与大流行疫情有关的精神卫生问题。世界人口的增长带来了城市化，人口密度的增加有利于疾病的传播，而气候变化改变了全球生态，从而影响了传染有机体传播的可能性(Morse，1995)。动物和人类的大规模迁徙造成了对流行病风险的日益增长的公共卫生担忧。人口和各种病媒的全球流动是新的传染病病原体迅速传播到以前没有接触和免疫的人群的主要机制，将病媒(例如某些种类的蚊子)带到新的环境中。自本世纪初以来，这些因素一直是全球所有传染病暴发的基本因素。例如，每年在伊斯兰教(农历)第12个月朝圣的时候，有100多万人前往麦加，其中近一半来自非阿拉伯国家。同样，对于规模较小的乌姆拉仪式，2004年有超过250万人前往麦加。大规模移徙增加了出现重大公共卫生和感染控制问题的可能性(Ahmed等人，2006年)。人类迁徙的其他时期--节假日和假期--以及“人类迁徙模式”也是传播途径。流行病和其他传染病的爆发会导致心理应激源和行为反应。与其他自然或人为灾难事件不同，传染性生物不能用肉眼观察到。大多数人直到感染了潜在的致命后果才知道自己受到了影响。这些事件的旷日持久和不断演变的性质可能导致不断升级的担忧和痛苦。与其他灾难一样，媒体在塑造公众认知方面发挥着重要作用。对政府当局的信任和对其控制疫情能力的看法直接影响公众参与旨在避免感染、治疗疾病和防止疾病传播的健康风险行为的程度。政治人物、社区领袖和媒体利用传染性疫情来激发恐惧，进一步推进无关的议程，从而影响了民众对这些事件的总体体验。由于传染病可能首先在政治动乱、革命或战争期间出现，政府有效应对的能力变得复杂起来。与其他流行病相比，关于流行病对精神健康的影响的经验数据更加有限：卫生保健紧急情况
Introduction Pandemics have a global reach of mass destruction and historically have been more devastating than any other type of disaster. Over many centuries, only the humanmade disasters of war and the intentional extermination of ethnic groups have competed with the lethality of infectious disease outbreaks. Th e history of the infl uenza pandemic – occurring about every 10– 30 years – has marked global reach and concern for mass illness, chronic disability, and death. In centuries past, this concern included the plague, polio, tuberculosis, and smallpox. Th e Spanish Infl uenza pandemic of 1918– 1919, during which an estimated 20– 40 million people died (more people than died in World War I), is a reminder of the deadly potential of this global disaster ( http:// virus.stanford.edu/ uda/ ). Th ough prevention, early detection, and treatment interventions appear to be lowering the number of people infected, there has been a steady rise in human infectious disease outbreaks over the past three decades (Smith et al., 2014 ). In the past decade alone, outbreaks of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), H1N1 “swine” Infl uenza, and Ebola resulted in significant concern throughout the international community. Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) and, more recently, the Zika virus have caused signifi cant morbidity and mortality. Th ese outbreaks all represented signifi cant threats to global health security and highlighted the mental health issues that are relevant to a pandemic outbreak. Expanding world populations produce urbanization with increased population density that favors disease transmission, and climate change modifi es global ecologies that infl uence the likelihood of transmitting infectious organisms (Morse, 1995 ). Th e largescale migration of animals and people creates a growing public health concern of epidemic risk. Th e global mobility of people and various disease vectors are primary mechanisms by which new infectious agents spread rapidly to a population with no previous exposure and no immunity, bringing disease vectors (e.g., certain species of mosquitoes) to new environments. Th ese factors have been essential elements in the genesis of all global infectious disease outbreaks since the turn of the century. For example, at the time of the Hajj each year in the 12th month of the Islamic (lunar) calendar, more than one million people travel to Mecca – nearly half from nonArab countries. Similarly, for the smaller ritual Umrah, more than 2.5 million traveled in 2004 to Mecca. Th is mass migration raises the potential for major public health and infection control problems (Ahmed et al., 2006 ). Other times of human migration – holidays and vacations – and the “human migratory patterns” are routes of transmission as well. Pandemics and other infectious disease outbreaks result in psychological stressors and behavioral responses. Unlike other natural or humanmade disaster events, infectious organisms cannot be perceived with the naked eye. Most people do not know they have been impacted until they are infected with potentially lethal consequences. Th e protracted and evolving nature of these events can result in escalating worry and distress. Like other disasters, the media plays a signifi cant role in shaping public perception. Trust in government authorities and perceptions regarding their ability to manage an outbreak directly impact the degree to which the public participates in health risk behaviors designed to avoid infection, treat illness, and prevent spread of disease. Th e use of infectious outbreaks to inspire fear by political fi gures, community leaders, and the media to further unrelated agendas has colored the overall experience of these events by the population. Th e ability of governments to eff ectively respond is complicated by the fact that infectious diseases may fi rst emerge during political unrest, revolution, or war. Empirical data is more limited regarding the mental health impacts of pandemics than for other Pandemics: Health Care Emergencies
影响因子：
11.8
作者：
Morse SS
通讯作者：
Morse SS
对流感A（H7N9）威胁的回应和对现场家禽市场的支持，香港，2013年。
影响因子：
11.8
作者：
Wu P;Fang VJ;Liao Q;Ng DM;Wu JT;Leung GM;Fielding R;Cowling BJ
通讯作者：
Cowling BJ