Landscape context affects the sustainability of organic farming systems
Landscape context affects the sustainability of organic farming systems
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景观环境影响有机农业系统的可持续性
DOI：
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发表时间：
2020
影响因子：
11.1
通讯作者：
D. Crowder
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Olivia M. Smith;Abigail L. Cohen;J. Reganold;Matthew S. Jones;Robert J. Orpet;J. M. Taylor;Jessa H. Thurman;K. A. Cornell;Rachel L Olsson;Y. Ge;C. Kennedy;D. Crowder
意义 有机农业比传统农业更大程度地促进环境和社会经济的可持续性。然而，尚不清楚有机农业对生物多样性、作物产量和盈利能力等可持续性指标的影响是否因有机农业实施的不同景观而异。我们通过涵盖 60 种作物的全球荟萃分析解决了这个问题。有机场地比传统场地具有更大的生物多样性，在大面积景观中效益最大。相比之下，虽然有机场地也有更大的利润，但最大的收益出现在小田地的景观中。有机农业的生态可持续性效益在以集约化农业为代表的景观中最为明显，而经济效益可能受到社会经济因素和产量的影响。与传统农业相比，有机农业促进了可持续性。然而，有机农场的多功能可持续性效益可能是通过景观环境来调节的。评估景观环境如何影响可持续性可能有助于将有机生产瞄准促进高生物多样性、作物产量和盈利能力的景观。我们通过一项涵盖六大洲 60 种作物类型的荟萃分析来解决这个问题，该分析评估了景观环境是否影响有机农业生态系统与传统农业生态系统的生物多样性、产量和盈利能力。我们考虑了反映我们研究系统中的景观组成（农田百分比）、组成异质性（覆盖类型的数量和多样性）以及配置异质性（覆盖类型的空间排列）的景观指标。尽管产量较低（18%），但有机场地比传统场地具有更高的生物多样性（34%）和利润（50%）。随着景观中平均农田面积的增加，生物多样性也随之增加，这表明有机农场在集约化景观中提供了“避难所”。相反，随着农田面积的增加，有机农场和传统农场之间的产量差距扩大，有机农业的盈利能力下降。我们只能在美国进行的研究中测量有机系统的盈利能力，该系统的盈利能力随着生产成本和价格溢价的不同而有所不同，这表明社会经济因素介导了盈利能力。我们的结果显示，与产量和盈利能力效益相比，有机农业的生物多样性效益对景观环境的反应不同，这表明这些可持续性指标是脱钩的。更广泛地说，我们的研究结果表明，有机农业的生态可持续性效益（而非经济可持续性效益）在集约化农业景观中最为明显。
Significance Organic agriculture promotes environmental and socioeconomic sustainability to a greater degree than conventional agriculture. However, it is unknown whether effects of organic agriculture on sustainability metrics such as biodiversity, crop yields, and profitability vary across the diverse landscapes where organic farming is practiced. We addressed this using a global meta-analysis spanning 60 crops. Organic sites had greater biodiversity than conventional ones, with the largest benefits in landscapes with large field sizes. In contrast, while organic sites also had greater profits, the largest benefits occurred in landscapes with small fields. The ecological sustainability benefits of organic agriculture are most pronounced in landscapes typified by more intensive agriculture, while economic benefits are likely influenced by socioeconomic factors and yields. Organic agriculture promotes sustainability compared to conventional agriculture. However, the multifunctional sustainability benefits of organic farms might be mediated by landscape context. Assessing how landscape context affects sustainability may aid in targeting organic production to landscapes that promote high biodiversity, crop yields, and profitability. We addressed this using a meta-analysis spanning 60 crop types on six continents that assessed whether landscape context affected biodiversity, yield, and profitability of organic vs. conventional agroecosystems. We considered landscape metrics reflecting landscape composition (percent cropland), compositional heterogeneity (number and diversity of cover types), and configurational heterogeneity (spatial arrangement of cover types) across our study systems. Organic sites had greater biodiversity (34%) and profits (50%) than conventional sites, despite lower yields (18%). Biodiversity gains increased as average crop field size in the landscape increased, suggesting organic farms provide a “refuge” in intensive landscapes. In contrast, as crop field size increased, yield gaps between organic and conventional farms increased and profitability benefits of organic farming decreased. Profitability of organic systems, which we were only able to measure for studies conducted in the United States, varied across landscapes in conjunction with production costs and price premiums, suggesting socioeconomic factors mediated profitability. Our results show biodiversity benefits of organic farming respond differently to landscape context compared to yield and profitability benefits, suggesting these sustainability metrics are decoupled. More broadly, our results show that the ecological, but not the economic, sustainability benefits of organic agriculture are most pronounced in more intensive agricultural landscapes.
影响因子：
16.8
作者：
Batary, Peter;Galle, Robert;Tscharntke, Teja
通讯作者：
Tscharntke, Teja