Immunological aspects of intestinal mucus and mucins.
Immunological aspects of intestinal mucus and mucins.
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DOI：
10.1038/nri.2016.88
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发表时间：
2016-10
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Hansson GC
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Johansson ME;Hansson GC
许多机制确保肠道免受病原体的侵害，也保护我们自己的肠道微生物群。最外面的是分泌的粘液，它捕获细菌并防止它们移位到组织中。粘液含有许多免疫调节分子，主要由杯状细胞产生。这些细胞对它们从免疫系统接收的信号高度响应，并且还能够将抗原从管腔递送到固有层中的树突细胞。在这篇综述中，我们将给出粘液，粘蛋白和杯状细胞的基本概述，并解释它们中的每一个如何有助于肠道的免疫调节。·粘蛋白是具有凝胶样性质的高度O-糖基化分子。粘蛋白家族由跨膜和凝胶形成粘蛋白组成。跨膜粘蛋白覆盖肠上皮细胞的顶面并形成糖萼。形成凝胶的粘蛋白从杯状细胞分泌为形成粘液骨架并覆盖所有上皮表面的大的多聚体。·小肠中的粘液形成扩散屏障，其中抗微生物物质保持上皮不受微生物影响。结肠中的粘液形成细菌无法穿透的致密内部粘液层，从而在上皮表面形成无菌区。·一些但不是全部的细菌刺激功能性粘液系统的形成，在小肠中具有可去除的粘液，在结肠中具有分层的不可穿透的内粘液层。·肠道中的粘液为具有可消化聚糖的细菌创造了一个生态位，提供了稳定的能量来源，但粘液也会捕获和清除细菌。松散粘液中的细菌是嗜酸性的，毒性较小。·小肠杯状细胞可以在粘液分泌期间采样管腔材料，并将抗原转移到固有层树突细胞，如果细菌数量减少，这也会发生在结肠中。这种与免疫系统的交流具有致耐受性作用。·肠道病原体具有可以绕过粘液保护到达上皮的机制。这些包括良好的运动性和分泌的酶，可以降解其他蛋白酶抗性粘蛋白。
A number of mechanisms ensure that the intestine is protected from pathogens and also against our own intestinal microbiota. The outermost of these is the secreted mucus, which entraps bacteria and prevents their translocation into the tissue. Mucus contains many immunomodulatory molecules and is largely produced by the goblet cells. These cells are highly responsive to signals they receive from the immune system, and are also able to deliver antigens from the lumen to dendritic cells in the lamina propria. In this Review, we will give a basic overview of mucus, mucins, and goblet cells and explain how each of these contributes to immune regulation in the intestine. • Mucins are highly O-glycosylated molecules that have gel-like properties. The mucin family is made up of transmembrane and gel-forming mucins. The transmembrane mucins cover the apical surfaces of the enterocytes and form the glycocalyx. The gel-forming mucins are secreted from goblet cells as large multimers that form the mucus skeleton and cover all epithelial surfaces. • Mucus in the small intestine forms a diffusion barrier where antimicrobial substances keep the epithelium free from microorganism. Mucus in colon forms a dense inner mucus layer that bacteria are unable to penetrate creating a bacteria free zone at the epithelial surface. • Some, but not all, bacteria stimulate the formation of a functional mucus system with removable mucus in the small intestine and a stratified impenetrable inner mucus layer in colon. • Mucus in the intestine creates a niche for bacteria with digestible glycans providing a stable energy source, but mucus also traps and removes bacteria. Bacteria in loose mucus are planktonic and less virulent. • The small intestinal goblet cells can sample luminal material during mucus secretion and transfer the antigens to lamina propria dendritic cells something that also happens in colon if bacterial numbers are decreased. This communication with the immune system has tolerogenic effects. • Intestinal pathogens have mechanisms that can circumvent the mucus protection to reach the epithelium. These include good motility and secretion of enzymes that can degrade the otherwise protease resistant mucins.
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影响因子：
6.7
作者：
Bergstrom KS;Kissoon-Singh V;Gibson DL;Ma C;Montero M;Sham HP;Ryz N;Huang T;Velcich A;Finlay BB;Chadee K;Vallance BA
通讯作者：
Vallance BA
影响因子：
64.8
作者：
Gerbe F;Sidot E;Smyth DJ;Ohmoto M;Matsumoto I;Dardalhon V;Cesses P;Garnier L;Pouzolles M;Brulin B;Bruschi M;Harcus Y;Zimmermann VS;Taylor N;Maizels RM;Jay P
通讯作者：
Jay P
影响因子：
8
作者：
El Aidy, Sahar;van Baarlen, Peter;Kleerebezem, Michiel
通讯作者：
Kleerebezem, Michiel
DOI：
10.1073/pnas.1305923110
发表时间：
2013-06-25
影响因子：
11.1
作者：
Barr, Jeremy J.;Auro, Rita;Rohwer, Forest
通讯作者：
Rohwer, Forest
影响因子：
9.2
作者：
Caldara, Marina;Friedlander, Ronn S.;Kavanaugh, Nicole L.;Aizenberg, Joanna;Foster, Kevin R.;Ribbeck, Katharina
通讯作者：
Ribbeck, Katharina