A review of technologies for rapid detection of bacteria in recreational waters.
A review of technologies for rapid detection of bacteria in recreational waters.
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娱乐水域细菌快速检测技术综述。
DOI：
10.2166/wh.2005.051
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发表时间：
2005
影响因子：
2.3
通讯作者：
S. Weisberg
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
R. Noble;S. Weisberg
目前，对娱乐海滩粪便指示细菌的监测是使用基于培养的技术进行的，这可能需要一天以上的实验室分析，在此期间游泳者处于危险之中。在这里，我们回顾了有可能将测量周期减少到一小时以下的新方法。这些方法通常涉及两个步骤。第一种是靶标捕获，即移除、标记或扩增感兴趣的微生物组(或该组的某些分子/化学/或生化特征)，以将其与样品中的剩余物质区分开来。我们讨论了三类捕获方法：1)表面和全细胞识别方法，包括免疫分析技术和分子特异性探针；2)核酸方法，包括聚合酶链式反应(PCR)、定量PCR(Q-PCR)、核酸序列扩增(NASBA)和微阵列；3)利用显色底物或荧光底物的酶/底物方法。第二步是检测，即使用光学、电化学或压电技术对捕获、标记或放大的材料进行量化。所有这些方法的最大技术障碍是灵敏度，因为环保局推荐的洗浴水标准是每毫升不到一个细胞，而且大多数检测技术测量的样品体积都不到1毫升。这一挑战正在通过增加预浓缩或浓缩步骤来克服，这些步骤有可能提高灵敏度，而不需要开发新的检测技术。第二个障碍是证明与健康风险的关系，因为大多数新方法是基于测量细胞结构而不评估生存能力，可能与使用基于培养的方法在流行病学研究中制定的当前水质标准无关。酶/底物法可能是第一批采用的快速方法，因为它们基于与目前批准的EPA方法相同的捕获技术，并且它们与健康风险的关系可以通过展示与现有程序的等价性来确定。一些表面和全细胞识别方法也可能证明等价性，这种方法可以捕获处于潜在存活状态的细菌。核酸技术是用途最广的，但它测量的是不可行的结构，需要纳入流行病学研究，将它们的测量与健康风险联系起来。
Monitoring of recreational beaches for fecal indicator bacteria is currently performed using culture-based technology that can require more than a day for laboratory analysis, during which time swimmers are at risk. Here we review new methods that have the potential to reduce the measurement period to less than an hour. These methods generally involve two steps. The first is target capture, in which the microbial group of interest (or some molecular/chemical/or biochemical signature of the group) is removed, tagged or amplified to differentiate it from the remaining material in the sample. We discuss three classes of capture methods: 1) Surface and whole-cell recognition methods, including immunoassay techniques and molecule-specific probes; 2) Nucleic acid methods, including polymerase chain reaction (PCR), quantitative PCR (Q-PCR), nucleic acid sequence based amplification (NASBA) and microarrays; and 3) Enzyme/substrate methods utilizing chromogenic or fluorogenic substrates. The second step is detection, in which optical, electrochemical or piezoelectric technologies are used to quantify the captured, tagged or amplified material. The biggest technological hurdle for all of these methods is sensitivity, as EPA's recommended bathing water standard is less than one cell per ml and most detection technologies measure sample volumes less than 1 ml. This challenge is being overcome through addition of preconcentration or enrichment steps, which have the potential to boost sensitivity without the need to develop new detector technology. The second hurdle is demonstrating a relationship to health risk, since most new methods are based on measuring cell structure without assessing viability and may not relate to current water quality standards that were developed in epidemiology studies using culture-based methods. Enzyme/substrate methods may be the first rapid methods adopted because they are based on the same capture technology as currently-approved EPA methods and their relationship to health risk can be established by demonstrating equivalency to existing procedures. Demonstration of equivalency may also be possible for some surface and whole-cell recognition methods that capture bacteria in a potentially viable state. Nucleic acid technologies are the most versatile, but measure nonviable structure and will require inclusion in epidemiological studies to link their measurement with health risk.
影响因子：
14.9
作者：
Richmond, CS;Glasner, JD;Blattner, FR
通讯作者：
Blattner, FR
影响因子：
9.3
作者：
B. H. Schneider;J. G. Edwards;N. Hartman
通讯作者：
B. H. Schneider;J. G. Edwards;N. Hartman