Human Milk Oligosaccharides and Immune System Development.
Human Milk Oligosaccharides and Immune System Development.
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DOI：
10.3390/nu10081038
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发表时间：
2018-08-08
期刊：
影响因子：
5.9
通讯作者：
Gil A
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Plaza-Díaz J;Fontana L;Gil A
母乳中含有可能影响新生儿免疫力的化合物。其中包括一组在乳腺中由乳糖合成的寡糖;这些寡糖被称为人乳寡糖（HMO）。母乳中HMO的含量大于蛋白质的含量。事实上，HMO是母乳中仅次于乳糖和脂质的第三大固体成分，因此被认为是关键成分。HMO的重要性可以解释为它们对微生物粘附到肠粘膜的抑制作用，通过产生细菌素和有机酸抑制病原体的生长，以及参与炎症的基因的表达。本综述首先简要描述了HMO和肠道免疫系统的基本结构，然后介绍了HMO在细胞和动物研究中显示的有益作用，最后介绍了迄今为止在人类中进行的观察性和随机对照试验，特别强调了它们对免疫系统发育的影响。HMO似乎可以保护母乳喂养的婴儿免受微生物感染。已经发现保护作用通过细胞信号传导和细胞间识别事件、保护性肠道微生物群的富集、微生物粘附的调节和婴儿肠粘膜的侵入来发挥。此外，用添加了选定HMO的配方奶粉喂养的婴儿，其炎性细胞因子的模式更接近纯母乳喂养的婴儿。不幸的是，临床前研究中发现的积极作用尚未在现有的少数随机、双盲、多中心、对照试验中得到证实，可能部分原因是这些研究关注的是免疫应答以外的方面（例如，生长、耐受性和粪便微生物群）。
Maternal milk contains compounds that may affect newborn immunity. Among these are a group of oligosaccharides that are synthesized in the mammary gland from lactose; these oligosaccharides have been termed human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs). The amount of HMOs present in human milk is greater than the amount of protein. In fact, HMOs are the third-most abundant solid component in maternal milk after lactose and lipids, and are thus considered to be key components. The importance of HMOs may be explained by their inhibitory effects on the adhesion of microorganisms to the intestinal mucosa, the growth of pathogens through the production of bacteriocins and organic acids, and the expression of genes that are involved in inflammation. This review begins with short descriptions of the basic structures of HMOs and the gut immune system, continues with the beneficial effects of HMOs shown in cell and animal studies, and it ends with the observational and randomized controlled trials carried out in humans to date, with particular emphasis on their effect on immune system development. HMOs seem to protect breastfed infants against microbial infections. The protective effect has been found to be exerted through cell signaling and cell-to-cell recognition events, enrichment of the protective gut microbiota, the modulation of microbial adhesion, and the invasion of the infant intestinal mucosa. In addition, infants fed formula supplemented with selected HMOs exhibit a pattern of inflammatory cytokines closer to that of exclusively breastfed infants. Unfortunately, the positive effects found in preclinical studies have not been substantiated in the few randomized, double-blinded, multicenter, controlled trials that are available, perhaps partly because these studies focus on aspects other than the immune response (e.g., growth, tolerance, and stool microbiota).
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影响因子：
7.7
作者：
Cani, Patrice D.;Amar, Jacques;Burcelin, Remy
通讯作者：
Burcelin, Remy
影响因子：
168.9
作者：
Black, Robert E.;Victora, Cesar G.;Uauy, Ricardo
通讯作者：
Uauy, Ricardo
DOI：
10.1038/nri2335
发表时间：
2008-06
期刊：
Nature reviews. Immunology
影响因子：
--
作者：
通讯作者：
--
影响因子：
5.3
作者：
Garrido, Daniel;Ruiz-Moyano, Santiago;Mills, David A.
通讯作者：
Mills, David A.
影响因子：
4.2
作者：
Comstock, Sarah S.;Li, Min;Donovan, Sharon M.
通讯作者：
Donovan, Sharon M.