Structure, lipid scrambling activity and role in autophagosome formation of ATG9A.

Structure, lipid scrambling activity and role in autophagosome formation of ATG9A.
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DOI:
10.1038/s41594-020-00520-2
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发表时间:
2020-12
影响因子:
16.8
通讯作者:
Otomo T
Otomo T
中科院分区:
生物学1区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Maeda S;Yamamoto H;Kinch LN;Garza CM;Takahashi S;Otomo C;Grishin NV;Forli S;Mizushima N;Otomo T

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自噬体的从头形成是由携带膜蛋白自噬相关9(ATG 9)的小泡接种的,其功能尚不清楚。在这里,我们发现ATG 9A在体外扰乱膜的磷脂。人ATG 9A的Cryo-EM结构揭示了具有溶剂化中心孔的三聚体,其通过每个原聚体内的空腔横向连接到胞质溶胶。与ABC出口商的相似性表明,ATG 9A可能是一种使用中心孔发挥功能的转运蛋白。此外,分子动力学模拟表明,中心孔横向打开,以容纳脂质头基,从而使脂质翻转。孔中的突变降低了扰乱活性并产生明显小的自噬体,表明ATG 9A的脂质扰乱对于膜扩张是必需的。我们提出ATG 9A作为一个膜包埋的漏斗,以促进脂质翻转和重新分配添加到ATG 9囊泡的外小叶的脂质,从而使自噬体的生长。
De novo formation of the double-membrane compartment autophagosome is seeded by small vesicles carrying membrane protein autophagy-related 9 (ATG9), whose function remains unknown. Here we find that ATG9A scrambles phospholipids of membranes in vitro. Cryo-EM structures of human ATG9A reveal a trimer with a solvated central pore, which is connected laterally to the cytosol through the cavity within each protomer. Similarities to ABC exporters suggest that ATG9A could be a transporter that uses the central pore to function. Moreover, molecular dynamics simulation suggests that the central pore opens laterally to accommodate lipid headgroups, thereby enabling lipids to flip. Mutations in the pore reduce scrambling activity and yield markedly small autophagosomes, indicating that lipid scrambling by ATG9A is essential for membrane expansion. We propose ATG9A acts as a membrane-embedded funnel to facilitate lipid flipping and to redistribute lipids added to the outer leaflet of ATG9 vesicles, thereby enabling growth into autophagosomes.
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