Statistical learning for speech segmentation: Age-related changes and underlying mechanisms.
Statistical learning for speech segmentation: Age-related changes and underlying mechanisms.
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DOI：
10.1037/pag0000292
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发表时间：
2018-11
影响因子：
3.7
通讯作者：
Mattys SL
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Palmer SD;Hutson J;Mattys SL
统计学习是一种支持婴幼儿分词和语言习得的强大学习机制。然而，人们对这种能力在一生中如何变化以及与年龄相关的认知衰退如何相互作用知之甚少。本研究的目的是：(a)研究年龄对语音切分的影响，(b)探索语音切分的核心机制。在四个测试阶段，年轻人、中年人和老年人以两种不同的语音速率暴露在连续的语音流中，有和没有认知负荷。学习是通过一个两种选择的强制选择任务来评估的，在这个任务中，来自信息流的单词被与部分单词（在信息流中出现的单词边界）或非单词（从未出现在信息流中）进行比较。参与者还完成了一系列评估工作记忆和执行功能的认知测试。结果表明，尽管年龄效应在更具挑战性的条件下可见，即当单词必须从部分单词中区分出来时，这需要形成详细的语音表征，以及在认知负荷下进行的语音分割。此外，对认知测试数据的分析表明，记忆更新主要预测部分词的表现，而非词的表现主要预测工作记忆存储容量。综上所述，数据表明，外语学习依赖于内隐和外显技能的结合，年龄对外语学习的影响可能与年龄相关的记忆更新选择性下降有关。
Statistical learning (SL) is a powerful learning mechanism that supports word segmentation and language acquisition in infants and young adults. However, little is known about how this ability changes over the life span and interacts with age-related cognitive decline. The aims of this study were to: (a) examine the effect of aging on speech segmentation by SL, and (b) explore core mechanisms underlying SL. Across four testing sessions, young, middle-aged, and older adults were exposed to continuous speech streams at two different speech rates, both with and without cognitive load. Learning was assessed using a two-alterative forced-choice task in which words from the stream were pitted against either part-words, which occurred across word boundaries in the stream, or nonwords, which never appeared in the stream. Participants also completed a battery of cognitive tests assessing working memory and executive functions. The results showed that speech segmentation by SL was remarkably resilient to aging, although age effects were visible in the more challenging conditions, namely, when words had to be discriminated from part-words, which required the formation of detailed phonological representations, and when SL was performed under cognitive load. Moreover, an analysis of the cognitive test data indicated that performance against part-words was predicted mostly by memory updating, whereas performance against nonwords was predicted mostly by working memory storage capacity. Taken together, the data show that SL relies on a combination of implicit and explicit skills, and that age effects on SL are likely to be linked to an age-related selective decline in memory updating.
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