Bytes not waves: information communication technologies, global jihadism and counterterrorism
Bytes not waves: information communication technologies, global jihadism and counterterrorism
复制标题
字节而非波浪：信息通信技术、全球圣战主义和反恐
DOI：
10.1093/ia/iiaa048
复制
发表时间：
2020
影响因子：
4.5
通讯作者：
Chertoff M
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Chertoff M
拉波波特对四次全球浪潮中最后一次宗教浪潮的概念化仍然极具影响力。但它和其他类型学对信息和通信技术（ict）对全球圣战活动演变的影响重视得太少。本文做出了两项新的贡献，即开发了一种新的基于ict的类型学来理解圣战分子的演变，并将重点放在成功的袭击上。我们的中心论点是，自20世纪90年代以来，信息通信技术对全球圣战主义的影响促进了其战略、组织和战术的戏剧性转变，这些可以理解为四个重叠的迭代。“圣战1.0”描述的是在世纪之交实施标志性袭击的分层、自上而下指挥、海外资助和训练的恐怖组织。此后，圣战主义演变成了“圣战主义2.0”和“圣战主义3.0”。圣战主义2.0认识到，一些规模较小、协调一致的袭击可以产生全球影响。“圣战3.0”是指与恐怖组织中心没有任何联系、利用个人和野蛮手段的恐怖主义。最后，圣战主义正在向“圣战主义4.0”或网络恐怖主义发展。我们认为，这种类型为学者和实践者概念化影响全球圣战主义的ICT动态提供了有用的基础，这些可能适用于其他全球恐怖分子。结论分析了反恐服务如何应对这些演变，并绘制了未来研究的领域图。
Rapoport's conceptualization of the last, religious wave of four global waves remains highly influential. But it, and other typologies, have placed too little emphasis on the influence of information and communication technologies (ICTs) on the evolution of global jihadist activities. This article makes two new contributions by developing both a new ICT-based typology for understanding jihadist evolutions, and by focusing on successful attacks. Our central argument is that ICTs’ impact on global jihadism has facilitated dramatic transformations of its strategy, organization and tactics since the 1990s, and that these can be understood as four overlapping iterations. ‘Jihadism 1.0’ describes the hierarchical, top-down directed and overseas financed and trained terrorist organizations that conducted iconic attacks at the turn of the millennium. Jihadism has since evolved into ‘Jihadism 2.0’ and then ‘Jihadism 3.0’. Jihadism 2.0 recognizes that a number of smaller, coordinated attacks can have a global impact. Jihadism 3.0 is inspired terrorism that has no links to the central terror organization, utilizing individuals and crude tactics. Finally, jihadism is evolving toward ‘Jihadism 4.0’, or cyberterrorism. We argue this typology provides a useful basis for scholars and practitioners to conceptualize the ICT dynamics influencing global jihadism, and these may be applicable to other global terrorists. The conclusion analyses how counter-terrorism services can respond to these evolutions and charts areas for future research.
DOI：
--
发表时间：
2015
期刊：
影响因子：
--
作者：
L. Jarvis;Stuart Macdonald
通讯作者：
Stuart Macdonald
电子游戏、恐怖主义和 ISIS 的圣战 3.0
DOI：
--
发表时间：
2016
期刊：
影响因子：
--
作者：
Ahmed Al
通讯作者：
Ahmed Al
新媒体和 Web 2.0：爱尔兰共和政体的例子
DOI：
--
发表时间：
2012
期刊：
影响因子：
--
作者：
M. Warren;S. Leitch
通讯作者：
S. Leitch