Plastics and the microbiome: impacts and solutions.
Plastics and the microbiome: impacts and solutions.
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DOI：
10.1186/s40793-020-00371-w
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发表时间：
2021-01-20
影响因子：
7.9
通讯作者：
Pantos O
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Lear G;Kingsbury JM;Franchini S;Gambarini V;Maday SDM;Wallbank JA;Weaver L;Pantos O
自20世纪50年代S开始生产以来，全球塑料产量呈指数级增长，其中包括注入了各种添加剂和填料的聚合物类型。虽然塑料的负面影响被广泛报道，特别是对海洋脊椎动物，但对微生物生命的影响仍然知之甚少。塑料直接影响微生物，发挥有毒作用，提供补充碳源，并充当微生物定居和扩散的木筏。间接后果包括增加环境遮蔽、改变宿主群落的组成以及破坏宿主生物体或群落的健康、激素平衡和免疫反应。塑料降解菌的分离和应用引起了人们的极大兴趣，但几乎没有证据支持大多数高分子量合成聚合物的微生物生物降解性。据推测，有400多种微生物能够降解塑料，但必须谨慎对待包括聚丙烯、尼龙、聚苯乙烯和聚氯乙烯在内的高流行聚合物的降解证据；大多数研究未能区分聚合物单体、添加剂或填充物的淋溶或降解造成的损失。即使在显示聚合物降解的地方，例如聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯，微生物降解商业塑料中使用的更高结晶形式的聚合物的能力似乎也是有限的。微生物经常与非生物因素如热和光一起作用，影响聚合物的结构完整性和对酶攻击的可及性。因此，极端微生物群作为塑料降解酶和微生物的来源仍有很大的探索余地。我们提出了一个从不同环境微生物群中分离和报告降解塑料的分类群的最佳实践工作流程，其中应该包括支持聚合物结构变化、质量损失和推测降解产物检测的多条证据，以及确认负责高相对分子质量塑料聚合物降解的微生物菌株和酶(及其相关基因)。这种方法对于高相对分子质量塑料聚合物的酶降解者与仅能降解以无定形塑料、塑料单体、添加剂或填充物为主的不稳定碳的生物体是必要的。
Global plastic production has increased exponentially since manufacturing commenced in the 1950’s, including polymer types infused with diverse additives and fillers. While the negative impacts of plastics are widely reported, particularly on marine vertebrates, impacts on microbial life remain poorly understood. Plastics impact microbiomes directly, exerting toxic effects, providing supplemental carbon sources and acting as rafts for microbial colonisation and dispersal. Indirect consequences include increased environmental shading, altered compositions of host communities and disruption of host organism or community health, hormone balances and immune responses. The isolation and application of plastic-degrading microbes are of substantial interest yet little evidence supports the microbial biodegradation of most high molecular weight synthetic polymers. Over 400 microbial species have been presumptively identified as capable of plastic degradation, but evidence for the degradation of highly prevalent polymers including polypropylene, nylon, polystyrene and polyvinyl chloride must be treated with caution; most studies fail to differentiate losses caused by the leaching or degradation of polymer monomers, additives or fillers. Even where polymer degradation is demonstrated, such as for polyethylene terephthalate, the ability of microorganisms to degrade more highly crystalline forms of the polymer used in commercial plastics appears limited. Microbiomes frequently work in conjunction with abiotic factors such as heat and light to impact the structural integrity of polymers and accessibility to enzymatic attack. Consequently, there remains much scope for extremophile microbiomes to be explored as a source of plastic-degrading enzymes and microorganisms. We propose a best-practice workflow for isolating and reporting plastic-degrading taxa from diverse environmental microbiomes, which should include multiple lines of evidence supporting changes in polymer structure, mass loss, and detection of presumed degradation products, along with confirmation of microbial strains and enzymes (and their associated genes) responsible for high molecular weight plastic polymer degradation. Such approaches are necessary for enzymatic degraders of high molecular weight plastic polymers to be differentiated from organisms only capable of degrading the more labile carbon within predominantly amorphous plastics, plastic monomers, additives or fillers.
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影响因子：
6
作者：
Bernstein HC;Carlson RP
通讯作者：
Carlson RP
影响因子：
5.2
作者：
Almeida, Eduardo L.;Rincon, Andres Felipe Carrillo;Dobson, Alan D. W.
通讯作者：
Dobson, Alan D. W.
DOI：
10.1098/rspb.2020.0112
发表时间：
2020-03-11
影响因子：
4.7
作者：
Cassone, Bryan J.;Grove, Harald C.;LeMoine, Christophe M. R.
通讯作者：
LeMoine, Christophe M. R.
影响因子：
5.5
作者：
Acero, Enrique Herrero;Ribitsch, Doris;Guebitz, Georg
通讯作者：
Guebitz, Georg
影响因子：
8.8
作者：
BLANKENSHIP, A;CHANG, DPY;YANG, GS
通讯作者：
YANG, GS