Repeated West Nile virus epidemic transmission in Kern County, California, 2004-2007.
Repeated West Nile virus epidemic transmission in Kern County, California, 2004-2007.
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DOI：
10.1603/033.046.0118
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发表时间：
2009-01
影响因子：
2.1
通讯作者：
Quiring R
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Reisen WK;Carroll BD;Takahashi R;Fang Y;Garcia S;Martinez VM;Quiring R
西尼罗河病毒(WNV)自2004年引入以来一直在加利福尼亚州克恩县流行，2007年人间病例年发病率分别从6-8例增加到17例/10万。2007年人类感染的增加与相互矛盾的监测指标有关，包括严重干旱、温暖的春季但凉爽的夏季温度异常、农村和城市蚊子数量的减少但城市致倦库蚊早期感染的增加、中等程度的禽类“群体免疫力”，以及有能力的(西部灌木雀和家雀)和无能力的(加州鹌鹑和哀鸽)鸟类的捕获量下降。这些不称职的禽类宿主的减少可能增加了与称职的禽类宿主的接触，或许还包括人类。房屋丧失抵押品赎回权和相关的被忽视游泳池的显著增加增加了城市蚊子生产地，很可能是造成城市蚊子种群和贝克尔斯菲尔德西尼罗河病毒爆发的原因。将五个监测指标合并为风险评估分数，每半个月测量一次，为应急计划提供2至6周的预警，并在达到流行状况后始终如一地出现人间病例。圣路易斯脑炎病毒(SLEV)抗体在野鸟中很少检测到，但在蚊子和哨兵鸡中检测不到，这表明在克恩县检测到了以前感染的禽类，但SLEV重新引入并不成功。相比之下，西方马脑炎病毒(Weev)在5年中的第3年在塔氏库蚊、哨兵鸡和野鸟中被检测到，但未能扩增到在伊蚊或人类中检测到切向传播的水平。克恩县和加利福尼亚州东南部沙漠的科切拉山谷传播模式的比较表明，蚊子物候和空间分布、冠状病毒或其他禽类“超级传播者”和人为因素在西尼罗河病毒流行病学中的重要性。
West Nile virus (WNV) has remained epidemic in Kern County, CA, since its introduction in 2004 through 2007 when the human case annual incidence increased from 6 – 8 to 17 per 100,000, respectively. The 2007 increase in human infection was associated with contradicting surveillance indicators, including severe drought, warm spring but cool summer temperature anomalies, decreased rural and urban mosquito abundance but increased early season infection in urban Culex quinquefasciatus Say, moderate avian “herd immunity,” and declines in the catch of competent (western scrub-jay and house finch) and noncompetent (California quail and mourning dove) avian species. The decline in these noncompetent avian hosts may have increased contact with competent avian hosts and perhaps humans. The marked increase in home foreclosures and associated neglected swimming pools increased urban mosquito production sites, most likely contributing to the urban mosquito population and the WNV outbreak within Bakersfield. Coalescing five surveillance indicators into a risk assessment score measured each half month provided 2- to 6-wk early warning for emergency planning and was followed consistently by the onset of human cases after reaching epidemic conditions. St. Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV) antibody was detected rarely in wild birds but not mosquitoes or sentinel chickens, indicating that previously infected birds were detected in Kern County, but SLEV reintroduction was not successful. In contrast, western equine encephalitis virus (WEEV) was detected during 3 of 5 yr in Culex tarsalis Coquillett, sentinel chickens, and wild birds, but failed to amplify to levels where tangential transmission was detected in Aedes mosquitoes or humans. A comparison of transmission patterns in Kern County to Coachella Valley in the southeastern desert of California showed the importance of mosquito phenology and spatial distribution, corvids, or other avian “super spreaders” and anthropogenic factors in WNV epidemiology.
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影响因子：
11.8
作者：
Hayes EB;Komar N;Nasci RS;Montgomery SP;O'Leary DR;Campbell GL
通讯作者：
Campbell GL
影响因子：
9.4
作者：
Lanciotti, RS;Kerst, AJ
通讯作者：
Kerst, AJ
影响因子：
11.8
作者：
Ebel GD;Dupuis AP 2nd;Nicholas D;Young D;Maffei J;Kramer LD
通讯作者：
Kramer LD
影响因子：
2.1
作者：
Cornel, AJ;McAbee, RD;Coetzee, M
通讯作者：
Coetzee, M
DOI：
10.4269/ajtmh.1987.37.18s
发表时间：
1987-11-01
影响因子：
3.3
作者：
HARDY, JL
通讯作者：
HARDY, JL