The cost of associating with males for Bornean and Sumatran female orangutans: a hidden form of sexual conflict?
The cost of associating with males for Bornean and Sumatran female orangutans: a hidden form of sexual conflict?
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DOI：
10.1007/s00265-020-02948-4
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发表时间：
2021
影响因子：
2.3
通讯作者：
van Schaik CP
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Kunz JA;Duvot GJ;van Noordwijk MA;Willems EP;Townsend M;Mardianah N;Utami Atmoko SS;Vogel ER;Nugraha TP;Heistermann M;Agil M;Weingrill T;van Schaik CP
性胁迫，以强迫交配的形式，在猩猩中相对频繁地观察到，通常归因于它们的半孤独生活方式。雌性的高生态成本可能是这种生活方式的原因，并可能阻止了形态生育指标的进化（例如，性伴侣），这将吸引（男性）伙伴。因此，性冲突不仅可能产生于交配本身，也可能产生于交往，因为男性可能从与女性的交往中受益，以监视她们的生殖状态，并试图垄断她们的性活动。在这里，我们评估关联模式和成本的女性与男性和女性的两个不同的红毛猩猩物种在两个研究地点：苏瓦克，苏门答腊（Pongo abelii），和端南，婆罗洲（Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii）。女性协会与男性和女性的频率较高，在Summatis人口，生活在更富有成效的栖息地。因此，我们发现，协会的成本，在减少喂养移动的比例和增加的时间是活跃的，是较高的社会性较低的婆罗洲人口。男性一般发起并保持这种昂贵的协会与女性，并与男性的长期协会导致女性粪便皮质醇代谢物（FCM）水平增加在端南，婆罗洲人口。我们的结论是，男性维持协会是猩猩的性冲突的表达，至少在团南。对于女性来说，这种联系的成本可能是缺乏性信号的原因，同时需要混淆父权。社会生态学理论预测，社会性的好处和生态成本之间的权衡增加喂养竞争。猩猩的半独居生活方式被归因于高交往成本和低捕食风险的结合。以前的工作揭示了协会频率和栖息地生产力之间的正相关关系，但没有衡量协会的成本。在这项比较研究中，我们发现，女性可能会产生费用，从非自愿的，男性维持的协会，特别是当他们持续了几天，特别是在人口的特点是较低的协会频率。因此，维持性关系是猩猩性冲突的另一种表现，尤其是长期的、由雄性维持的性关系可能是一种间接的性胁迫。在线版本包含补充材料，可通过10.1007/s00265 - 020 - 02948 - 4获得。
Sexual coercion, in the form of forced copulations, is relatively frequently observed in orangutans and generally attributed to their semi-solitary lifestyle. High ecological costs of association for females may be responsible for this lifestyle and may have prevented the evolution of morphological fertility indicators (e.g., sexual swellings), which would attract (male) associates. Therefore, sexual conflict may arise not only about mating per se but also about associations, because males may benefit from associations with females to monitor their reproductive state and attempt to monopolize their sexual activities. Here, we evaluate association patterns and costs for females when associating with both males and females of two different orangutan species at two study sites: Suaq, Sumatra (Pongo abelii), and Tuanan, Borneo (Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii). Female association frequency with both males and females was higher in the Sumatran population, living in more productive habitat. Accordingly, we found that the cost of association, in terms of reduced feeding to moving ratio and increased time being active, is higher in the less sociable Bornean population. Males generally initiated and maintained such costly associations with females, and prolonged associations with males led to increased female fecal cortisol metabolite (FCM) levels at Tuanan, the Bornean population. We conclude that male-maintained associations are an expression of sexual conflict in orangutans, at least at Tuanan. For females, this cost of association may be responsible for the lack of sexual signaling, while needing to confuse paternity. Socioecological theory predicts a trade-off between the benefits of sociality and the ecological costs of increased feeding competition. Orangutans’ semi-solitary lifestyle has been attributed to the combination of high association costs and low predation risk. Previous work revealed a positive correlation between association frequencies and habitat productivity, but did not measure the costs of association. In this comparative study, we show that females likely incur costs from involuntary, male-maintained associations, especially when they last for several days and particularly in the population characterized by lower association frequencies. Association maintenance therefore qualifies as another expression of sexual conflict in orangutans, and especially prolonged, male-maintained associations may qualify as an indirect form of sexual coercion. The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00265-020-02948-4.
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