A history of normal plates, tables and stages in vertebrate embryology.
A history of normal plates, tables and stages in vertebrate embryology.
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DOI：
10.1387/ijdb.062189nh
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发表时间：
2007
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Hopwood N
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Hopwood N
如果没有定义标准发育阶段的正常阶段，发育生物学在今天是不可想象的。这一正常阶段的历史，以及相关的正常板和正常表，显示了这些标准是如何形成的，并被脊椎动物胚胎学的学科变化所塑造。这篇文章重点介绍了德国解剖学家弗朗茨·凯贝尔主编的《脊椎动物的发育》(16卷，1897-1938)的正常图版。这是对个体发育和系统发育之间关系问题的主要回应，从实际意义上讲，这相当于胚胎分期的危机，不仅是在物种之间，而且(对一些人来说)也是在物种内部。凯贝尔的设计采用了威廉·希斯的盘子和阿尔伯特·奥佩尔的桌子，以超越达尔文主义宣传家恩斯特·海克尔已经引起争议的比较盘子。该项目回应了当地的压力，包括对个体变异的强烈担忧，但在国际上招募了人员，并绘制了一个胚胎学帝国。虽然在理论上没有定论，但这些试板成为了标准的实验室工具，并形成了一个网络，在这个网络中，国际胚胎学研究所(今天的国际发育生物学家协会)于1911年成立。第一次世界大战后，以罗斯·哈里森和维克托·汉堡包为首的实验学家和人类胚胎学家，特别是卡内基胚胎学系的乔治·斯特里特，对凯贝尔复杂而笨重的大部头进行了改造，以适应他们自己截然不同的需求。在第二次世界大战后的发育生物学中，正常的阶段--减少到几页期刊--有助于驯化模式生物。分期系统是在质疑将胚胎分配到一个阶段的可能性的讨论中出现的。随着发育生物学家努力改进和扩展阶段序列，使不同实验室的结果更容易比较并考虑到个体差异，这些历史问题在今天引起了共鸣。
Developmental biology is today unimaginable without the normal stages that define standard divisions of development. This history of normal stages, and the related normal plates and normal tables, shows how these standards have shaped and been shaped by disciplinary change in vertebrate embryology. The article highlights the Normal Plates of the Development of the Vertebrates edited by the German anatomist Franz Keibel (16 volumes, 1897–1938). These were a major response to problems in the relations between ontogeny and phylogeny that amounted in practical terms to a crisis in staging embryos, not just between, but (for some) also within species. Keibel’s design adapted a plate by Wilhelm His and tables by Albert Oppel in order to go beyond the already controversial comparative plates of the Darwinist propagandist Ernst Haeckel. The project responded to local pressures, including intense concern with individual variation, but recruited internationally and mapped an embryological empire. Though theoretically inconclusive, the plates became standard laboratory tools and forged a network within which the Institut International d’Embryologie (today the International Society of Developmental Biologists) was founded in 1911. After World War I, experimentalists, led by Ross Harrison and Viktor Hamburger, and human embryologists, especially George Streeter at the Carnegie Department of Embryology, transformed Keibel’s complex, bulky tomes to suit their own contrasting demands. In developmental biology after World War II, normal stages—reduced to a few journal pages—helped domesticate model organisms. Staging systems had emerged from discussions that questioned the very possibility of assigning an embryo to a stage. The historical issues resonate today as developmental biologists work to improve and extend stage series, to make results from different laboratories easier to compare and to take individual variation into account.
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影响因子：
10.1
作者：
Olson, DM;Dinerstein, E;Kassem, KR
通讯作者：
Kassem, KR
影响因子：
2.7
作者：
EYALGILADI, H;KOCHAV, S
通讯作者：
KOCHAV, S
影响因子：
2.5
作者：
HAMBURGER, V
通讯作者：
HAMBURGER, V
影响因子：
1.1
作者：
Bininda-Emonds, ORP;Jeffery, JE;Richardson, MK
通讯作者：
Richardson, MK