Unsolved Mysteries in NLR Biology.

Unsolved Mysteries in NLR Biology.
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DOI:
10.3389/fimmu.2013.00285
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发表时间:
2013-09-17
影响因子:
7.3
通讯作者:
Kanneganti TD
Kanneganti TD
中科院分区:
医学2区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Lupfer C;Kanneganti TD

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NOD样受体(NLR)是一类细胞质模式识别受体。尽管大多数NLR在免疫中发挥一定作用,但它们的功能范围从调节抗原递呈(NLRC 5、CIITA)到病原体/损伤传感(NLRP 1、NLRP 3、NLRC 12、NLRC 4)再到抑制或调节炎症(NLRC 3、NLRP 6、NLRP 12、NLRX 1)。然而,NLRP 2、NLRP 5和NLRP 7也参与非免疫途径,如胚胎发育。在这篇综述中,我们强调了一些最不了解的方面的NLR,包括它们感知病原体或损害的机制。NLRP 3识别各种各样的刺激,许多出版物已经提出了NLRP 3激活的潜在统一模型,但到目前为止,似乎没有提出一种单一的机制来解释所有可能的NLRP 3激活剂。此外,NLRC 3、NLRP 6和NLRP 12抑制NF-κB活化,但直接配体传感是否是该功能的必要条件尚不清楚。在此,我们综述了NLRP 3和其他炎性体激活剂的各种传感和激活机制。我们还讨论了NLRC 3,NLRP 6,NLRP 12和NLRX 1作为抑制剂的作用,以及它们如何被激活并发挥作用以限制炎症。最后,我们提出了一个新的角色,NLRP 2,NLRP 5和NLRP 7在胚胎发育过程中发挥的概述,并假设所涉及的潜在途径。
NOD-like receptors (NLRs) are a class of cytoplasmic pattern-recognition receptors. Although most NLRs play some role in immunity, their functions range from regulating antigen presentation (NLRC5, CIITA) to pathogen/damage sensing (NLRP1, NLRP3, NLRC1/2, NLRC4) to suppression or modulation of inflammation (NLRC3, NLRP6, NLRP12, NLRX1). However, NLRP2, NLRP5, and NLRP7 are also involved in non-immune pathways such as embryonic development. In this review, we highlight some of the least well-understood aspects of NLRs, including the mechanisms by which they sense pathogens or damage. NLRP3 recognizes a diverse range of stimuli and numerous publications have presented potential unifying models for NLRP3 activation, but no single mechanism proposed thus far appears to account for all possible NLRP3 activators. Additionally, NLRC3, NLRP6, and NLRP12 inhibit NF-κB activation, but whether direct ligand sensing is a requirement for this function is not known. Herein, we review the various mechanisms of sensing and activation proposed for NLRP3 and other inflammasome activators. We also discuss the role of NLRC3, NLRP6, NLRP12, and NLRX1 as inhibitors and how they are activated and function in their roles to limit inflammation. Finally, we present an overview of the emerging roles that NLRP2, NLRP5, and NLRP7 play during embryonic development and postulate on the potential pathways involved.
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