Seasonal and diurnal cycles of liquid water in snow—Measurements and modeling

Seasonal and diurnal cycles of liquid water in snow—Measurements and modeling
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雪测量和建模中液态水的季节和昼夜循环

DOI:
10.1002/2015jf003593
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发表时间:
2015
期刊:
Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface
影响因子:
--
通讯作者:
O. Eisen
O. Eisen
中科院分区:
--
文献类型:
--
作者:
Heilig;C. Mitterer;L. Schmid;N. Wever;J. Schweizer;H.-P. Marshall;O. Eisen

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由于缺乏关于体积液态水含量(θw)和融化积雪储存能力的连续数据,评估和改进用于水文应用的积雪模型和流出量预测受到了阻碍。向上看的探地雷达和传统的雪高传感器的组合可以连续,无损地确定从第一次表面湿润到融化之前不久的θ - win天然积雪。我们分析了在一个平坦的研究地点4年的日周期和在斜坡上3个融化季节的θw周期,并评估了积雪模式SNOWPACK中两种不同水运方案的模式模拟结果。在平坦的地点,观察到一天中θ - w的最大增幅低于1.7%(第90百分位数)。关于θw的季节特征,不到10%的记录数据在平地上超过5 vol %,在斜坡上超过3.5 vol %。在所有观测到的融化季节,SNOWPACK中的两种输水方案系统地低估了平坦地点的θ最大值,而在斜坡上模拟的θ最大值是准确的。在流出量预测中实施每天观察到的变化,可以提高模型性能,使其与渗湿计的测量结果更加一致。因此,持续监测θ ww提高了我们对雪中液态水渗透和滞留的理解,这与冰冻圈的几个方面高度相关,如雪崩形成、集水区水文和冰盖质量平衡。
Evaluating and improving snow models and outflow predictions for hydrological applications is hindered by the lack of continuous data on bulk volumetric liquid water content (θw) and storage capacity of the melting snowpack. The combination of upward looking ground‐penetrating radar and conventional snow height sensors enable continuous, nondestructive determinations ofθwin natural snow covers from first surficial wetting until shortly before melt out. We analyze diurnal and seasonal cycles ofθwfor 4 years in a flat study site and for three melt seasons on slopes and evaluate model simulations for two different water transport schemes in the snow cover model SNOWPACK. Observed maximum increases inθwduring a day are below 1.7 vol % (90th percentile) at the flat site. Concerning seasonal characteristics ofθw, less than 10% of recorded data exceed 5 vol % at the flat site and 3.5 vol % at slopes. Both water transport schemes in SNOWPACK underestimate maximumθwat the flat site systematically for all observed melt seasons, while simulatedθwmaxima on slopes are accurate. Implementing observed changes inθwper day in outflow predictions increases model performance toward higher agreement with lysimeter measurements. Hence, continuously monitoringθwimproves our understanding of liquid water percolation and retention in snow, which is highly relevant for several aspects of the cryosphere such as avalanche formation, catchment hydrology, and ice sheet mass balances.
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