Seasonal and diurnal cycles of liquid water in snow—Measurements and modeling
Seasonal and diurnal cycles of liquid water in snow—Measurements and modeling
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雪测量和建模中液态水的季节和昼夜循环
DOI:
10.1002/2015jf003593
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发表时间:
2015
期刊:
影响因子:
--
通讯作者:
O. Eisen
中科院分区:
文献类型:
--
作者:
Heilig;C. Mitterer;L. Schmid;N. Wever;J. Schweizer;H.-P. Marshall;O. Eisen
Evaluating and improving snow models and outflow predictions for hydrological applications is hindered by the lack of continuous data on bulk volumetric liquid water content (θw) and storage capacity of the melting snowpack. The combination of upward looking ground‐penetrating radar and conventional snow height sensors enable continuous, nondestructive determinations ofθwin natural snow covers from first surficial wetting until shortly before melt out. We analyze diurnal and seasonal cycles ofθwfor 4 years in a flat study site and for three melt seasons on slopes and evaluate model simulations for two different water transport schemes in the snow cover model SNOWPACK. Observed maximum increases inθwduring a day are below 1.7 vol % (90th percentile) at the flat site. Concerning seasonal characteristics ofθw, less than 10% of recorded data exceed 5 vol % at the flat site and 3.5 vol % at slopes. Both water transport schemes in SNOWPACK underestimate maximumθwat the flat site systematically for all observed melt seasons, while simulatedθwmaxima on slopes are accurate. Implementing observed changes inθwper day in outflow predictions increases model performance toward higher agreement with lysimeter measurements. Hence, continuously monitoringθwimproves our understanding of liquid water percolation and retention in snow, which is highly relevant for several aspects of the cryosphere such as avalanche formation, catchment hydrology, and ice sheet mass balances.
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DOI:
--
发表时间:
2012
期刊:
影响因子:
--
作者:
L. Schmid;C. Mitterer;A. Heilig;J. Schweizer;O. Eisen
通讯作者:
O. Eisen
影响因子:
3.4
作者:
Schmid, Lino;Heilig, Achim;Eisen, Olaf
通讯作者:
Eisen, Olaf
DOI:
--
发表时间:
1991
期刊:
影响因子:
--
作者:
W. Pfeffer;M. Meier;T. Illangasekare
通讯作者:
T. Illangasekare
DOI:
--
发表时间:
2014
期刊:
影响因子:
--
作者:
G. Gascon;M. Sharp;D. Burgess;Peter Bezeau;A. Bush;S. Morin;M. Lafaysse
通讯作者:
M. Lafaysse
影响因子:
3.4
作者:
H. Conway;C. Raymond
通讯作者:
C. Raymond