Do pet dogs (Canis familiaris) follow ostensive and non-ostensive human gaze to distant space and to objects?
Do pet dogs (Canis familiaris) follow ostensive and non-ostensive human gaze to distant space and to objects?
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DOI：
10.1098/rsos.170349
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发表时间：
2017-07
影响因子：
3.5
通讯作者：
Virányi Z
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Duranton C;Range F;Virányi Z
狗因善于利用人类给出的交流线索（例如指向）而闻名。然而，当谈到狗跟随人类的目光时，结果是矛盾的，这可能是由于方法上的差异。在这里，我们研究了即使在经过类似的预训练后，狗是否能更好地跟随人类的目光看向两个食物地点之一，而不是看向遥远的太空。在实验1和2中，狗的注视方向被记录在注视远处空间和不允许选择的对象选择任务中，以便允许任务之间的直接比较，改变注视的明示性质。我们发现，狗只跟随人类对遥远空间的重复明示注视，而它们在对象选择任务中遵循所有注视线索。与没有明显目标可供观察的情况相比，狗在对象选择任务中能够更好地跟随人类的目光。在实验 3 中，狗在另一项对象选择任务中进行了测试，并被允许接近容器。明示线索促进了狗的注视和选择：我们发现明示组的狗在机会水平上选择了指定的容器，而非明示组的狗则避开了这个容器。我们认为，狗可能会将对象选择任务视为对食物的竞争，并可能将非明示凝视解释为有意暗示，表明实验者对她所看到的食物位置感兴趣。明示暗示是否只是减轻了对这种情况的竞争感知，或者它们改变了狗如何解释交流性凝视，需要进一步调查。我们的研究结果还表明，在对象选择任务中，注视和实际选择两个容器之一需要被视为不同的变量。本研究澄清了与狗的目光跟随相关的许多问题，并增加了越来越多的证据表明人类的明示暗示可以强烈改变狗的行为。
Dogs are renowned for being skilful at using human-given communicative cues such as pointing. Results are contradictory, however, when it comes to dogs' following human gaze, probably due to methodological discrepancies. Here we investigated whether dogs follow human gaze to one of two food locations better than into distant space even after comparable pre-training. In Experiments 1 and 2, the gazing direction of dogs was recorded in a gaze-following into distant space and in an object-choice task where no choice was allowed, in order to allow a direct comparison between tasks, varying the ostensive nature of the gazes. We found that dogs only followed repeated ostensive human gaze into distant space, whereas they followed all gaze cues in the object-choice task. Dogs followed human gaze better in the object-choice task than when there was no obvious target to look at. In Experiment 3, dogs were tested in another object-choice task and were allowed to approach a container. Ostensive cues facilitated the dogs’ following gaze with gaze as well as their choices: we found that dogs in the ostensive group chose the indicated container at chance level, whereas they avoided this container in the non-ostensive group. We propose that dogs may perceive the object-choice task as a competition over food and may interpret non-ostensive gaze as an intentional cue that indicates the experimenter's interest in the food location she has looked at. Whether ostensive cues simply mitigate the competitive perception of this situation or they alter how dogs interpret communicative gaze needs further investigation. Our findings also show that following gaze with one's gaze and actually choosing one of the two containers in an object-choice task need to be considered as different variables. The present study clarifies a number of questions related to gaze-following in dogs and adds to a growing body of evidence showing that human ostensive cues can strongly modify dog behaviour.
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