Locally-curved geometry generates bending cracks in the African elephant skin.

Locally-curved geometry generates bending cracks in the African elephant skin.
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DOI:
10.1038/s41467-018-06257-3
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发表时间:
2018-10-02
影响因子:
16.6
通讯作者:
Milinkovitch MC
Milinkovitch MC
中科院分区:
综合性期刊1区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Martins AF;Bennett NC;Clavel S;Groenewald H;Hensman S;Hoby S;Joris A;Manger PR;Milinkovitch MC

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一个错综复杂的裂缝网络装饰着非洲丛林象的皮肤表面,非洲象。这些微米宽的通道增强了热调节的有效性(通过保水)以及对寄生虫和强烈太阳辐射的保护(通过泥附着)。虽然这些结构的适应性价值是公认的,但它们的形态特征和生成机制尚不清楚。使用显微镜,计算机断层扫描和自定义的基于物理学的晶格模型,我们表明,非洲大象皮肤通道的动物脆和脱皮缺陷的皮肤最外层的骨折。我们认为,渐进增厚的过度角质化的角质层导致其骨折,由于局部弯曲机械应力的皮肤毫米隆起的晶格的槽。因此,非洲大象皮肤通道是通过在局部弯曲的基底上增厚脆性材料而产生的,而不是通过由受抑收缩引起的典型拉伸开裂过程产生的。非洲丛林象的皮肤具有微米宽的通道,其功能是保持水分和泥浆,以调节体温和保护免受寄生虫的侵害。在这里,作者使用显微镜和建模来显示这些通道是动物厚而脆的皮肤最外层的骨折。
An intricate network of crevices adorns the skin surface of the African bush elephant, Loxodonta africana. These micrometre-wide channels enhance the effectiveness of thermal regulation (by water retention) as well as protection against parasites and intense solar radiation (by mud adherence). While the adaptive value of these structures is well established, their morphological characterisation and generative mechanism are unknown. Using microscopy, computed tomography and a custom physics-based lattice model, we show that African elephant skin channels are fractures of the animal brittle and desquamation-deficient skin outermost layer. We suggest that the progressive thickening of the hyperkeratinised stratum corneum causes its fracture due to local bending mechanical stress in the troughs of a lattice of skin millimetric elevations. The African elephant skin channels are therefore generated by thickening of a brittle material on a locally-curved substrate rather than by a canonical tensile cracking process caused by frustrated shrinkage. The skin of the African bush elephant features micrometer-wide channels whose function is water and mud retention for thermal regulation and protection from parasites. Here authors use microscopy and modelling to show that the channels are fractures of the animal thick and brittle skin outermost layer.
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