Biomineralization in bryozoans: present, past and future
Biomineralization in bryozoans: present, past and future
复制标题
苔藓虫生物矿化：现在、过去和未来
DOI：
--
复制
发表时间：
2015
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
S. Cocito
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
P. Taylor;C. Lombardi;S. Cocito
许多动物门具有产生生物矿化骨骼的生理能力，这些骨骼具有功能作用，这些作用是5亿多年来自然选择所塑造的。其中包括苔藓虫，这是一种中等多样性的水生无脊椎动物门，具有丰富的化石记录，今天在一些浅水海洋栖息地作为生物构造者具有重要意义。苔藓动物的生物矿化模式，特别是生物矿化过程知之甚少，但通常被认为与相关的腕足纲和软体动物的生物矿化模式相似。然而，苔藓虫的骨骼比这两个门的骨骼更复杂。在两个苔藓虫分支--奥陶纪的Stenolaemata和侏罗纪的Cheilostomata--中独立获得了钙质骨骼，提供了进化的复制。本文从苔藓虫骨骼的超微结构、矿物学和化学作用、有机成分的作用、苔藓虫双矿化作用与海水化学变化的关系以及当代全球变化，特别是海洋酸化对苔藓虫骨骼的影响等方面综述了苔藓虫生物矿化作用的重要性。苔藓虫骨骼由三种不同的壁型(外壁、内壁和复合壁)组成，它们的存在/不存在和有机角质层的位置不同。骨骼超微结构可分为壁面平行(即层状)和壁面垂直(即柱状)组构，后者显然只存在于两个生物矿化分支(Cheilostomata)中的一个，也是唯一使文石生物矿化的分支。可以识别过多的超微结构面料，并且大多数面料与其他面料组合构成面料套件。文生苔藓虫和双矿物苔藓虫的比例，以及苔藓虫骨骼中的镁含量，显示出进入热带较温暖水域的纬度增加。苔藓虫矿物学和骨骼厚度对方解石和文石海之间的波动的响应在地质年代中是模棱两可的。野外和实验室对活苔藓动物的研究表明，预测的未来pH变化(海洋酸化)加上全球变暖，可能会对钙化、生长速度和用于防御和繁殖的多态动物的生产产生不利影响，尽管一些物种表现出合理的复原力。确定了苔藓虫生物矿化需要解决的一些关键问题。
Many animal phyla have the physiological ability to produce biomineralized skeletons with functional roles that have been shaped by natural selection for more than 500 million years. Among these are bryozoans, a moderately diverse phylum of aquatic invertebrates with a rich fossil record and importance today as bioconstructors in some shallow‐water marine habitats. Biomineralizational patterns and, especially, processes are poorly understood in bryozoans but are conventionally believed to be similar to those of the related lophotrochozoan phyla Brachiopoda and Mollusca. However, bryozoan skeletons are more intricate than those of these two phyla. Calcareous skeletons have been acquired independently in two bryozoan clades – Stenolaemata in the Ordovician and Cheilostomata in the Jurassic – providing an evolutionary replicate. This review aims to highlight the importance of biomineralization in bryozoans and focuses on their skeletal ultrastructures, mineralogy and chemistry, the roles of organic components, the evolutionary history of bimineralization in bryozoans with respect to changes in seawater chemistry, and the impact of contemporary global changes, especially ocean acidification, on bryozoan skeletons. Bryozoan skeletons are constructed from three different wall types (exterior, interior and compound) differing in the presence/absence and location of organic cuticular layers. Skeletal ultrastructures can be classified into wall‐parallel (i.e. laminated) and wall‐perpendicular (i.e. prismatic) fabrics, the latter apparently found in only one of the two biomineralizing clades (Cheilostomata), which is also the only clade to biomineralize aragonite. A plethora of ultrastructural fabrics can be recognized and most occur in combination with other fabrics to constitute a fabric suite. The proportion of aragonitic and bimineralic bryozoans, as well as the Mg content of bryozoan skeletons, show a latitudinal increase into the warmer waters of the tropics. Responses of bryozoan mineralogy and skeletal thickness to oscillations between calcite and aragonite seas through geological time are equivocal. Field and laboratory studies of living bryozoans have shown that predicted future changes in pH (ocean acidification) combined with global warming are likely to have detrimental effects on calcification, growth rate and production of polymorphic zooids for defence and reproduction, although some species exhibit reasonable levels of resilience. Some key questions about bryozoan biomineralization that need to be addressed are identified.
影响因子：
4.5
作者：
L. Rodrigues;A. Grottoli
通讯作者：
L. Rodrigues;A. Grottoli
影响因子：
2.3
作者：
Kouchinsky, Artem;Bengtson, Stefan;Vendrasco, Michael
通讯作者：
Vendrasco, Michael