Viral RNA pseudoknots: versatile motifs in gene expression and replication.
Viral RNA pseudoknots: versatile motifs in gene expression and replication.
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DOI：
10.1038/nrmicro1704
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发表时间：
2007-08
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Gilbert RJ
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Brierley I;Pennell S;Gilbert RJ
RNA pseudoknots are structural motifs in RNA that are increasingly recognized in viral and cellular RNAs. They have been shown to have a various roles in virus and cellular gene expression. Pseudoknots are formed upon base pairing of a single-stranded region of RNA in the loop of a hairpin to a stretch of complementary nucleotides elsewhere in the RNA chain. This simple folding strategy can generate a large number of stable three-dimensional folds, which display a diverse range of highly specific functions. Pseudoknot function is frequently associated with interactions with ribosomes. The inclusion of pseudoknots in an mRNA can thus confer unusual translational properties. Many RNA viruses use pseudoknots in the control of viral RNA translation, replication and the switch between the two processes. Some satellite viruses encode ribozymes with active sites that are folded by a pseudoknot. In cellular RNAs, pseudoknots are associated with all aspects of mRNA function and also ribosome function, as ribosomal RNAs contain numerous pseudoknots. Other essential cellular pseudoknots have been described in telomerase RNA and transfer messenger RNA. Future research into pseudoknots will focus on structure–function relationships and bioinformatics identification of pseudoknots in genomes. The use of pseudoknots in antiviral applications could also become more widespread. The online version of this article (doi:10.1038/nrmicro1704) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. RNA pseudoknots have been identified in many different viral and cellular RNAs and are known to have various roles in virus and cellular gene expression. Here, Ian Brierley and colleagues review viral pseudoknots and the role of these structural motifs in virus gene expression and genome replication. The online version of this article (doi:10.1038/nrmicro1704) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. RNA pseudoknots are structural elements found in almost all classes of RNA. First recognized in the genomes of plant viruses, they are now established as a widespread motif with diverse functions in various biological processes. This Review focuses on viral pseudoknots and their role in virus gene expression and genome replication. Although emphasis is placed on those well defined pseudoknots that are involved in unusual mechanisms of viral translational initiation and elongation, the broader roles of pseudoknots are also discussed, including comparisons with relevant cellular counterparts. The relationship between RNA pseudoknot structure and function is also addressed. The online version of this article (doi:10.1038/nrmicro1704) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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