Commentary: Incorporating concepts and methods from causal inference into life course epidemiology

Commentary: Incorporating concepts and methods from causal inference into life course epidemiology
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评论:将因果推理的概念和方法纳入生命历程流行病学

DOI:
10.1093/ije/dyw367
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发表时间:
2017
影响因子:
7.7
通讯作者:
De Stavola B
De Stavola B
中科院分区:
医学1区
文献类型:
--
作者:
De Stavola B

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Ben-Shlomo等人的综述1强调了生命过程流行病学如何演变和适应,以适应越来越多的新维度和长期数据。这一丰富的框架提出了更大的方法挑战,使我们这样的统计学家对将生命历程调查转化为对手头数据的适当分析的任务感到气馁。以Ben-Shlomo等人的图4为例。1这对于获得对老龄化等复杂领域的“全局”理解以及确定哪些过程可能受益于更详细的调查非常有用。然而,从这样一个图表到具体的数据分析的飞跃不应该(也不是典型的)没有更多的思考。我们将在这篇评论中论证,现代因果推理领域的一些最新发展可能在这方面有所帮助。首先,为了明确地陈述感兴趣的问题,潜在结果框架是现代因果推理思维的基石,是非常宝贵的。然后,概念框架应该被细化为与问题相关的因果有向无环图(DAG),并且应该正式询问因果DAG,以查看问题是否可以解决,如果可以,如何解决。事实上,根据问题、因果DAG和可用数据,我们可能会发现流行病学中传统使用的标准统计方法已经足够;在其他情况下,我们可能会发现需要更多的新技术。
The review by Ben-Shlomo et al. 1 highlights how life course epidemiology is evolving and adapting to accommodate increasing access to data on novel dimensions and over extended periods. This enriched framework raises ever greater methodological challenges, leaving statisticians like us daunted by the task of translating life course enquiries into suitable analyses of the data at hand. Take for example Figure 4 of Ben-Shlomo et al.. 1 This is very useful for gaining a ‘big picture’understanding of a complex area such as ageing, and for establishing which processes may benefit from a more detailed investigation. However, the leap from such a diagram to a specific data analysis should not be (and is not typically) made without greater thought. We will argue in this commentary that some recent developments from the field of modern causal inference may be helpful in this regard. First, in order to state unambiguously the question (or questions) of interest, the potential outcomes framework, a cornerstone of modern causal inference thinking, is invaluable. Then, the conceptual framework should be refined to a causal directed acyclic graph (DAG) relevant to the question, and the causal DAG should be formally interrogated to see if the question can be addressed, and if so how. Indeed, depending on the question, the causal DAG and the data available, we may find that standard statistical methods traditionally used in epidemiology are sufficient; in other settings we may find that more novel techniques are needed.
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