Optical whispering-gallery mode barcodes for high-precision and wide-range temperature measurements.
Optical whispering-gallery mode barcodes for high-precision and wide-range temperature measurements.
复制标题
光学窃窃私语模式条形码，用于高精度和宽量温度测量。
DOI：
10.1038/s41377-021-00472-2
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发表时间：
2021-02-05
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Yang L
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Liao J;Yang L
温度是表征各种物理、化学和生物过程的最基本的物理性质之一。即使温度的微小变化也会对系统的状态或动力学产生影响。因此，需要高精度、大动态范围的温度测量。传统的温度传感器难以实现亚微米尺度的高精度热传感。近年来，光低语通道模式（WGM）传感器在热传感、磁检测和生物传感等传感领域的应用前景广阔。然而，尽管WGM谐振器具有优越的灵敏度，但传统的传感方法依赖于跟踪单模态的变化，这限制了受激光源约束的动态范围，在测量过程中必须及时微调以遵循所选模式。此外，我们不能直接从光谱中推导出实际温度，而是推导出相对温度变化。在这里，我们展示了一种光学WGM条形码技术，涉及同时监测多种模式的模式，可以从光谱中直接读出温度。测量依赖于WGM频谱中多个模态的模式，而不是特定模态的变化。它可以为我们提供比单模频谱更多的信息，如实际温度的精确测量。利用wgm的高灵敏度和消除监测特定模式的需要，这项工作为开发不仅具有优越灵敏度而且具有宽动态范围的高性能温度传感器奠定了基础。使用一种同时监测光信号的不同模式或模式的技术，可以极大地提高使用称为低语通道模式（WGM）传感器的设备的极其精确的温度测量。WGM传感器依赖于闭合的凹面微结构（圆盘、圆环或球体）内光线的持续循环，类似于伦敦圣保罗大教堂圆顶等低语走廊中声波的运动。美国密苏里州圣路易斯华盛顿大学的廖杰和杨澜开发了一套程序来分析温度对WGM传感器中光信号集体模式的影响。结果被转换成光学条形码，直接显示温度。这种多模系统克服了现有单模传感器有限的范围和不太直接的监测方法所带来的重大限制。
Temperature is one of the most fundamental physical properties to characterize various physical, chemical, and biological processes. Even a slight change in temperature could have an impact on the status or dynamics of a system. Thus, there is a great need for high-precision and large-dynamic-range temperature measurements. Conventional temperature sensors encounter difficulties in high-precision thermal sensing on the submicron scale. Recently, optical whispering-gallery mode (WGM) sensors have shown promise for many sensing applications, such as thermal sensing, magnetic detection, and biosensing. However, despite their superior sensitivity, the conventional sensing method for WGM resonators relies on tracking the changes in a single mode, which limits the dynamic range constrained by the laser source that has to be fine-tuned in a timely manner to follow the selected mode during the measurement. Moreover, we cannot derive the actual temperature from the spectrum directly but rather derive a relative temperature change. Here, we demonstrate an optical WGM barcode technique involving simultaneous monitoring of the patterns of multiple modes that can provide a direct temperature readout from the spectrum. The measurement relies on the patterns of multiple modes in the WGM spectrum instead of the changes of a particular mode. It can provide us with more information than the single-mode spectrum, such as the precise measurement of actual temperatures. Leveraging the high sensitivity of WGMs and eliminating the need to monitor particular modes, this work lays the foundation for developing a high-performance temperature sensor with not only superior sensitivity but also a broad dynamic range. Extremely precise measurement of temperature using devices known as whispering-gallery mode (WGM) sensors can be greatly improved using a technique that simultaneously monitors different modes, or patterns, of the optical signals. WGM sensors rely on the sustained circulation of light within closed concave microstructures—discs, rings, or spheres—similar to the movement of sound waves in whispering galleries such as the dome of St. Paul’s Cathedral in London. Jie Liao and Lan Yang at Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri, USA, developed procedures to analyse the effect of temperature on the collective patterns of light signals in WGM sensors. The results are converted into optical barcodes which indicate the temperature directly. This multimode system overcomes significant limitations imposed by the restricted range and less direct monitoring methods of existing single-mode sensors.
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