Reducing the ecological consequences of night-time light pollution: options and developments.
Reducing the ecological consequences of night-time light pollution: options and developments.
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DOI：
10.1111/j.1365-2664.2012.02212.x
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发表时间：
2012-12
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Hopkins J
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Gaston KJ;Davies TW;Bennie J;Hopkins J
人们对夜间光污染的生态后果表示了极大的关注。这种担忧通常集中在人造光侵入夜间环境中以前没有照明的区域，但光谱组成、持续时间和空间格局的变化也被认为具有生态影响。在这里，我们研究了减少夜间光污染的五种管理方案对生物体的潜在影响。这是为了(i)防止区域被人工照明；（ii）限制照明时间；（iii）减少灯光“侵入”不打算照明的地方（包括夜空）；（四）改变照明强度；（五）改变光照的光谱组成。维持和增加自然无光照区域可能是减少照明对生态影响的最有效选择。然而，这往往会与其他社会和经济目标相冲突。减少照明的持续时间将减少能源成本和碳排放，但不太可能减轻对夜间和黄昏动物的许多影响，因为照明需求的高峰时间经常与这些物种的活动时间相吻合。即使在光线充足的地区，减少光线的侵入也能保持异质性，为移动动物提供黑暗的避难所。降低照明强度将减少能源消耗，并限制天光和受高强度直射光影响的区域。向“更白”的光转移可能会增加对环境影响的潜在范围，因为光的波长范围更广。合成与应用。在未来几十年里，随着成本效益更高的低碳街道照明解决方案和人工照明区域的增长，人工光景观将发生巨大变化。开发照明策略，将不利的生态影响降到最低，同时平衡人类效用、舒适和安全、美学问题、能源消耗和碳减排等经常相互冲突的要求，这是未来的重大挑战。然而，随着照明技术和对其生态影响的理解的发展，有可能找到解决这些冲突的适应性解决方案。在未来几十年里，随着成本效益更高的低碳街道照明解决方案和人工照明区域的增长，人工光景观将发生巨大变化。开发照明策略，将不利的生态影响降到最低，同时平衡人类效用、舒适和安全、美学问题、能源消耗和碳减排等经常相互冲突的要求，这是未来的重大挑战。然而，随着照明技术和对其生态影响的理解的发展，有可能找到解决这些冲突的适应性解决方案。
Much concern has been expressed about the ecological consequences of night‐time light pollution. This concern is most often focused on the encroachment of artificial light into previously unlit areas of the night‐time environment, but changes in the spectral composition, duration and spatial pattern of light are also recognized as having ecological effects. Here, we examine the potential consequences for organisms of five management options to reduce night‐time light pollution. These are to (i) prevent areas from being artificially lit; (ii) limit the duration of lighting; (iii) reduce the ‘trespass’ of lighting into areas that are not intended to be lit (including the night sky); (iv) change the intensity of lighting; and (v) change the spectral composition of lighting. Maintaining and increasing natural unlit areas is likely to be the most effective option for reducing the ecological effects of lighting. However, this will often conflict with other social and economic objectives. Decreasing the duration of lighting will reduce energy costs and carbon emissions, but is unlikely to alleviate many impacts on nocturnal and crepuscular animals, as peak times of demand for lighting frequently coincide with those in the activities of these species. Reducing the trespass of lighting will maintain heterogeneity even in otherwise well‐lit areas, providing dark refuges that mobile animals can exploit. Decreasing the intensity of lighting will reduce energy consumption and limit both skyglow and the area impacted by high‐intensity direct light. Shifts towards ‘whiter’ light are likely to increase the potential range of environmental impacts as light is emitted across a broader range of wavelengths. Synthesis and applications. The artificial lightscape will change considerably over coming decades with the drive for more cost‐effective low‐carbon street lighting solutions and growth in the artificially lit area. Developing lighting strategies that minimize adverse ecological impacts while balancing the often conflicting requirements of light for human utility, comfort and safety, aesthetic concerns, energy consumption and carbon emission reduction constitute significant future challenges. However, as both lighting technology and understanding of its ecological effects develop, there is potential to identify adaptive solutions that resolve these conflicts. The artificial lightscape will change considerably over coming decades with the drive for more cost‐effective low‐carbon street lighting solutions and growth in the artificially lit area. Developing lighting strategies that minimize adverse ecological impacts while balancing the often conflicting requirements of light for human utility, comfort and safety, aesthetic concerns, energy consumption and carbon emission reduction constitute significant future challenges. However, as both lighting technology and understanding of its ecological effects develop, there is potential to identify adaptive solutions that resolve these conflicts.
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影响因子：
2.5
作者：
BUCHANAN, BW
通讯作者：
BUCHANAN, BW
影响因子：
64.8
作者：
Dacke, M;Nilsson, DE;Warrant, EJ
通讯作者：
Warrant, EJ
影响因子：
1.8
作者：
BENNETT, ATD;CUTHILL, IC
通讯作者：
CUTHILL, IC
影响因子：
6.3
作者：
Bird, BL;Branch, LC;Miller, DL
通讯作者：
Miller, DL
DOI：
10.1098/rspb.1983.0091
发表时间：
1983-01-01
期刊：
PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY SERIES B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES
影响因子：
--
作者：
DARTNALL, HJA;BOWMAKER, JK;MOLLON, JD
通讯作者：
MOLLON, JD