Neonicotinoids in bees: a review on concentrations, side-effects and risk assessment.
Neonicotinoids in bees: a review on concentrations, side-effects and risk assessment.
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DOI：
10.1007/s10646-012-0863-x
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发表时间：
2012-05
期刊：
影响因子：
2.7
通讯作者：
Mommaerts, Veerle
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Blacquiere, Tjeerd;Smagghe, Guy;van Gestel, Cornelis A. M.;Mommaerts, Veerle
关键词：
新烟碱类杀虫剂已成功应用于多种农作物的害虫防治；然而，它们不仅会影响害虫，还会影响传粉昆虫等非目标生物。本文首次对近15年来新烟碱类杀虫剂对蜜蜂、大黄蜂和独居蜂危害的研究进行了综述。本文的重点是确定新烟碱野外浓度对蜜蜂种群的风险的三个不同的关键方面：(1)与农药应用有关的植物，蜜蜂和蜂产品中的环境新烟碱残留水平；(2)报告的副作用，特别注意亚致死效应；(3)现有的系统性化合物风险评估方案对新烟碱评估的有用性。虽然发现新烟碱类杀虫剂的环境残留水平低于急性/慢性毒性水平，但由于大多数分析都是在检测限附近进行的，而且只针对少数几种作物，因此仍然缺乏可靠的数据。许多实验室研究描述了新烟碱类对蜜蜂觅食行为、学习和记忆能力的致死和亚致死效应，而在现场实际剂量的研究中没有观察到任何影响。拟议的系统性化合物风险评估方案被证明适用于评估新烟碱类药物副作用的风险，因为它考虑了对不同生命阶段和不同水平的生物组织（有机体与菌落）的影响。今后的研究应以实地实际的浓度、有关的接触和评价持续时间进行。分子标记可以通过更好地了解新烟碱类在蜜蜂中的作用模式（与受体的相互作用）来改进风险评估，从而识别出对环境更安全的化合物。
Neonicotinoid insecticides are successfully applied to control pests in a variety of agricultural crops; however, they may not only affect pest insects but also non-target organisms such as pollinators. This review summarizes, for the first time, 15 years of research on the hazards of neonicotinoids to bees including honey bees, bumble bees and solitary bees. The focus of the paper is on three different key aspects determining the risks of neonicotinoid field concentrations for bee populations: (1) the environmental neonicotinoid residue levels in plants, bees and bee products in relation to pesticide application, (2) the reported side-effects with special attention for sublethal effects, and (3) the usefulness for the evaluation of neonicotinoids of an already existing risk assessment scheme for systemic compounds. Although environmental residue levels of neonicotinoids were found to be lower than acute/chronic toxicity levels, there is still a lack of reliable data as most analyses were conducted near the detection limit and for only few crops. Many laboratory studies described lethal and sublethal effects of neonicotinoids on the foraging behavior, and learning and memory abilities of bees, while no effects were observed in field studies at field-realistic dosages. The proposed risk assessment scheme for systemic compounds was shown to be applicable to assess the risk for side-effects of neonicotinoids as it considers the effect on different life stages and different levels of biological organization (organism versus colony). Future research studies should be conducted with field-realistic concentrations, relevant exposure and evaluation durations. Molecular markers may be used to improve risk assessment by a better understanding of the mode of action (interaction with receptors) of neonicotinoids in bees leading to the identification of environmentally safer compounds.
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影响因子：
7.4
作者：
Bonmatin, JM;Moineau, I;Bengsch, ER
通讯作者：
Bengsch, ER
影响因子：
6.8
作者：
Decourtye, A;Devillers, J;Pham-Delègue, MH
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影响因子：
4.1
作者：
Besard, Linde;Mommaerts, Veerle;Smagghe, Guy
通讯作者：
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影响因子：
2.2
作者：
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通讯作者：
Higes, M.
影响因子：
4.1
作者：
Decourtye, A;Lacassie, E;Pham-Delègue, MH
通讯作者：
Pham-Delègue, MH