Toward a physical basis of attention and self regulation.
Toward a physical basis of attention and self regulation.
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DOI：
10.1016/j.plrev.2009.02.001
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发表时间：
2009-06
影响因子：
11.7
通讯作者：
Rothbart, Mary K.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Posner, Michael I.;Rothbart, Mary K.
自我调节的概念是理解人类发展的核心。自我调节允许有效的社会化，并预测心理病理和学校的成绩水平。一直缺少的是神经机制，以提供自我调节的细胞和分子基础的理解。我们发现，自我调节可以衡量在童年时期的父母的报告和自我报告的青少年和成年人。这些报告由一个更高层次的因素来概括，称为努力控制，它反映了一个人按照雅阁调节自己行为的能力。在整个童年时期，努力控制与儿童在计算机冲突相关任务中的表现有关。神经影像学研究表明，冲突任务可以激活特定的大脑执行注意力网络。在休息和认知任务期间，几个大脑区域共同工作，以调节竞争性的大脑活动，从而控制最终的行为。前扣带回和前扣带回的细胞结构包含人类和高等灵长类动物特有的细胞，这些细胞提供了与远程大脑区域的紧密联系。在冲突任务中，前扣带活动与远程感觉和情感系统的活动相关，这取决于任务所选择的信息。在青春期，前扣带回的结构和活动与自我报告的努力控制有关。研究为基因和环境如何塑造执行注意力网络提供了一个视角，为自我调节提供了物理基础。前扣带回受多巴胺调节。影响中枢神经系统中多巴胺水平的基因已被证明会影响自我调节的效率。例如，影响多巴胺传递效率的COMT基因的等位基因与解决冲突的能力有关。患有涉及该基因缺失的疾病的人在自我调节方面表现出很大的缺陷。其他影响多巴胺和5-羟色胺传递的基因的等位基因也被发现影响认知任务中解决冲突的能力。然而，与许多基因一样，COMT等位基因在形成自我调节方面的有效性取决于文化影响，如父母教养。研究发现，父母教养质量和父母教养方式会影响孩子的行为和自我调节的效率。在发育过程中，与自我调节有关的网络在连通性方面发生了重要变化。婴儿可以使用自我调节网络的部分来检测感官信息中的错误，但该网络还没有足够的连接来以连贯的方式组织大脑活动。在童年中期，沿着参与背侧前扣带回、前额叶和顶叶皮层远程连接的投射细胞增加，执行网络连接增加，并从主要的短程连接转移到长程连接。在此期间，特定的练习可以影响网络的发展，提高自我调节能力。了解自我调节的物理基础已经使人们了解了正常和病理状态下的个体差异，并有望设计出改善人类发展的方法。
The concept of self-regulation is central to the understanding of human development. Self-regulation allows effective socialization and predicts both psychological pathologies and levels of achievement in schools. What has been missing are neural mechanisms to provide understanding of the cellular and molecular basis for self-regulation. We show that self-regulation can be measured during childhood by parental reports and by self-reports of adolescents and adults. These reports are summarized by a higher order factor called effortful control, which reflects perceptions about the ability of a given person to regulate their behavior in accord with cultural norms. Throughout childhood effortful control is related to children’s performance in computerized conflict related tasks. Conflict tasks have been shown in neuroimaging studies to activate specific brain networks of executive attention. Several brain areas work together at rest and during cognitive tasks to regulate competing brain activity and thus control resulting behavior. The cellular structure of the anterior cingulate and insula contain cells, unique to humans and higher primates that provide strong links to remote brain areas. During conflict tasks, anterior cingulate activity is correlated with activity in remote sensory and emotional systems, depending upon the information selected for the task. During adolescence the structure and activity of the anterior cingulate has been found to be correlated with self-reports of effortful control. Studies have provided a perspective on how genes and environment act to shape the executive attention network, providing a physical basis for self-regulation. The anterior cingulate is regulated by dopamine. Genes that influence dopamine levels in the CNS have been shown to influence the efficiency of self-regulation. For example, alleles of the COMT gene that influence the efficiency of dopamine transmission are related to the ability to resolve conflict. Humans with disorders involving deletion of this gene exhibit large deficits in self-regulation. Alleles of other genes influencing dopamine and serotonin transmission have also been found to influence ability to resolve conflict in cognitive tasks. However, as is the case for many genes, the effectiveness of COMT alleles in shaping self-regulation depends upon cultural influences such as parenting. Studies find that aspects of parenting quality and parent training can influence child behavior and the efficiency of self-regulation. During development, the network that relates to self-regulation undergoes important changes in connectivity. Infants can use parts of the self-regulatory network to detect errors in sensory information, but the network does not yet have sufficient connectivity to organize brain activity in a coherent way. During middle childhood, along with increased projection cells involved in remote connections of dorsal anterior cingulate and prefrontal and parietal cortex, executive network connectivity increases and shifts from predominantly short to longer range connections. During this period specific exercises can influence network development and improve self-regulation. Understanding the physical basis of self-regulation has already cast light on individual differences in normal and pathological states and gives promise of allowing the design of methods to improve aspects of human development.
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