Urban scaling and its deviations: revealing the structure of wealth, innovation and crime across cities.
Urban scaling and its deviations: revealing the structure of wealth, innovation and crime across cities.
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DOI：
10.1371/journal.pone.0013541
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发表时间：
2010-11-10
期刊：
影响因子：
3.7
通讯作者：
West GB
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Bettencourt LM;Lobo J;Strumsky D;West GB
随着全球城市人口急剧增加，城市在人类社会和地球的可持续发展中发挥着越来越重要的作用。有效政策的一个障碍是缺乏基于对城市定量理解的有意义的城市指标。通常，线性人均指标用于描述城市特征和排名。然而，这些都隐含地忽视了非线性集聚对城市生命史的根本作用。因此，人均指标将所有城市共有的一般非线性效应与每个城市特有的当地动态混为一谈，无法直接衡量当地事件和政策的影响。大多数城市社会经济指标与人口规模的超线性幂律缩放明确地体现了集聚非线性，所有指标都具有相似的指数（1.15）。因此，大城市不成比例地成为创新、财富和犯罪的中心，而且程度大致相同。我们利用这些一般城市规律来开发新的城市指标，以理清不同尺度的动态，并提供当地城市绩效的真实衡量标准。新的城市排名以及关于城市系统的新颖且简单的视角出现了。我们发现，当地的城市动态表现出长期记忆，因此低于或超过其规模预期的城市在数十年中保持这种（不利）优势。时空相关性分析揭示了美国大都市区的一种新颖的功能分类，该分类通常不是按地理组织的，而是基于共同的当地经济模式、创新战略和犯罪模式。
With urban population increasing dramatically worldwide, cities are playing an increasingly critical role in human societies and the sustainability of the planet. An obstacle to effective policy is the lack of meaningful urban metrics based on a quantitative understanding of cities. Typically, linear per capita indicators are used to characterize and rank cities. However, these implicitly ignore the fundamental role of nonlinear agglomeration integral to the life history of cities. As such, per capita indicators conflate general nonlinear effects, common to all cities, with local dynamics, specific to each city, failing to provide direct measures of the impact of local events and policy. Agglomeration nonlinearities are explicitly manifested by the superlinear power law scaling of most urban socioeconomic indicators with population size, all with similar exponents (1.15). As a result larger cities are disproportionally the centers of innovation, wealth and crime, all to approximately the same degree. We use these general urban laws to develop new urban metrics that disentangle dynamics at different scales and provide true measures of local urban performance. New rankings of cities and a novel and simpler perspective on urban systems emerge. We find that local urban dynamics display long-term memory, so cities under or outperforming their size expectation maintain such (dis)advantage for decades. Spatiotemporal correlation analyses reveal a novel functional taxonomy of U.S. metropolitan areas that is generally not organized geographically but based instead on common local economic models, innovation strategies and patterns of crime.
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影响因子：
2.4
作者：
Arbesman, Samuel;Kleinberg, Jon M.;Strogatz, Steven H.
通讯作者：
Strogatz, Steven H.
影响因子：
7.2
作者：
Bettencourt, Luis M. A.;Lobo, Jose;Strumsky, Deborah
通讯作者：
Strumsky, Deborah
影响因子：
2.8
作者：
Feldman, MP;Audretsch, DB
通讯作者：
Audretsch, DB
DOI：
10.1073/pnas.0610172104
发表时间：
2007-04-24
影响因子：
11.1
作者：
Bettencourt, Luis M. A.;Lobo, Jose;West, Geoffrey B.
通讯作者：
West, Geoffrey B.
DOI：
10.1073/pnas.0812303106
发表时间：
2009-04-28
影响因子：
11.1
作者：
Enquist, Brian J.;West, Geoffrey B.;Brown, James H.
通讯作者：
Brown, James H.