Fertility decline and the changing dynamics of wealth, status and inequality.
Fertility decline and the changing dynamics of wealth, status and inequality.
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生育能力下降以及财富，地位和不平等的动态变化。
DOI：
10.1098/rspb.2015.0287
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发表时间：
2015-05-07
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Mace R
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Colleran H;Jasienska G;Nenko I;Galbarczyk A;Mace R
在人口转型过程中，两个大规模的趋势变得明显：（一）财富，地位和生育率之间广泛的正相关关系趋于逆转，（二）财富不平等增加，然后暂时减少。我们认为，这两个广泛的模式是相互关联的，通过多样化的生殖战略，随后收敛人口消费更多，变得不太自给自足，越来越依赖教育作为一种途径，以社会经济地位。我们研究这些联系使用的数据从22个中期转型社区在农村波兰。我们确定了生育率与财富，地位和不平等的多重衡量标准之间不断变化的关系。财富和地位通常对生育率有相反的影响，但这些关联因社区而异。在农业仍然是一种可行的生计的地方，DT前和DT后人口的典型生殖战略并存。在财富不平等程度较低的社区，生育率较低，变化较小，宏观层面的不平等模式通常在社区一级重现。我们的研究结果提供了一个详细的洞察财富，地位和不平等的变化动态，伴随着DT在社区一级，人们的社会和经济互动通常发生。我们没有发现任何证据表明拥有最多教育资本的女性从降低生育率中获得财富优势，也没有发现更高的教育资本推迟了这一人群的生育开始。相反，这些模式反映了在深刻的经济和社会变革时期不断变化的生殖偏好，对我们理解转型人口中的生殖和社会经济不平等产生了影响。
In the course of demographic transitions (DTs), two large-scale trends become apparent: (i) the broadly positive association between wealth, status and fertility tends to reverse, and (ii) wealth inequalities increase and then temporarily decrease. We argue that these two broad patterns are linked, through a diversification of reproductive strategies that subsequently converge as populations consume more, become less self-sufficient and increasingly depend on education as a route to socio-economic status. We examine these links using data from 22 mid-transition communities in rural Poland. We identify changing relationships between fertility and multiple measures of wealth, status and inequality. Wealth and status generally have opposing effects on fertility, but these associations vary by community. Where farming remains a viable livelihood, reproductive strategies typical of both pre- and post-DT populations coexist. Fertility is lower and less variable in communities with lower wealth inequality, and macro-level patterns in inequality are generally reproduced at the community level. Our results provide a detailed insight into the changing dynamics of wealth, status and inequality that accompany DTs at the community level where peoples' social and economic interactions typically take place. We find no evidence to suggest that women with the most educational capital gain wealth advantages from reducing fertility, nor that higher educational capital delays the onset of childbearing in this population. Rather, these patterns reflect changing reproductive preferences during a period of profound economic and social change, with implications for our understanding of reproductive and socio-economic inequalities in transitioning populations.
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