Recoupling fire and grazing reduces wildland fuel loads on rangelands
Recoupling fire and grazing reduces wildland fuel loads on rangelands
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火灾和放牧的重新结合减少了牧场上荒地的燃料负荷
DOI：
10.1002/ecs2.2578
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发表时间：
2019
期刊：
影响因子：
2.7
通讯作者：
Luttbeg, Barney
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Starns, Heath D.;Fuhlendorf, Samuel D.;Elmore, R. Dwayne;Twidwell, Dirac;Thacker, Eric T.;Hovick, Torre J.;Luttbeg, Barney
灭火和排除火灾是历史上占主导地位的火灾管理模式，已导致全球火灾依赖生态系统发生重大变化。这些变化部分归因于最近野火数量和范围的增加，以及更极端的火灾行为。历史上，火与草食相互作用，研究表明，这种相互作用创造了一种独特的植被异质性马赛克，而每种干扰都不能单独产生。因为在现代，火和放牧在很大程度上已经脱钩，相互作用对燃料和火灾制度的影响程度还没有被量化。我们利用BehavePlus在大平原南部的四个地点模拟了纯火草食和热草食对牧场燃料和火灾行为的影响。我们预测，通过热草食管理的斑块将保持较低的燃料负荷，并且比单独火灾更少的模拟火灾行为。我们发现，火灾发生后的时间是所有地点燃料负荷和模拟火灾行为特征的重要预测因子。在所有模拟天气情景中，燃料负荷和模拟火灾行为特征（火焰长度和蔓延速度）随着火灾发生时间的增加而增加。所有地点的热量草食介导的燃料积累。仅火处理的平均燃料负荷在24个月内超过5000公斤/公顷，而热草食处理的平均燃料负荷在大约36个月内保持在5000公斤/公顷以下。纯火处理的模拟火焰长度始终高于热草食处理（高达3倍）。同样，在所有模拟天气条件下，仅火处理的火灾蔓延率高于热草食处理。尽管所有地点都有可能在最极端的天气条件下燃烧，但在模拟的所有天气模式下，热草食减少了燃料积累、火焰长度和蔓延速度。这些减少延长了标准荒地消防技术保持有效的时间。因此，在草本植物生产力高的地区，将热草食纳入燃料管理实践，可提高燃料处理的有效性。
Fire suppression and exclusion, the historically dominant paradigm of fire management, has resulted in major modifications of fire‐dependent ecosystems worldwide. These changes are partially credited with a recent increase in wildfire number and extent, as well as more extreme fire behavior. Fire and herbivory historically interacted, and research has shown that the interaction creates a unique mosaic of vegetation heterogeneity that each disturbance alone does not create. Because fire and grazing have largely been decoupled in modern times, the degree to which the interaction affects fuels and fire regimes has not yet been quantified. We evaluated effects of fire‐only and pyric herbivory on rangeland fuels and fire behavior simulated using BehavePlus at four sites across the southern Great Plains. We predicted patches managed via pyric herbivory would maintain lower fuel loads, and less intense simulated fire behavior than fire alone. We found that time since fire was a significant predictor of fuel loads and simulated fire behavior characteristics at all sites. Fuel loads and simulated fire behavior characteristics (flame length and rate of spread) increased with increasing time since fire in all simulated weather scenarios. Pyric herbivory mediated fuel accumulation at all sites. Mean fuel loads in fire‐only treatments exceeded 5000 kg/ha within 24 months, but pyric herbivory treatments remained below 5000 kg/ha for approximately 36 months. Simulated flame lengths in fire‐only treatments were consistently higher (up to 3 × ) than in pyric herbivory treatments. Similarly, fire spread rates were higher in fire‐only than in pyric herbivory treatments in all simulated weather conditions. Although all sites had potential to burn in the most extreme weather conditions, pyric herbivory reduced fuel accumulations, flame lengths, and rates of spread across all weather patterns simulated. These reductions extended the amount of time standard wildland firefighting techniques remain effective. Therefore, incorporating pyric herbivory into fuel management practices, in areas of high herbaceous productivity, increases the effectiveness of fuel treatments.
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