The semaphorins.
The semaphorins.
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DOI：
10.1186/gb-2006-7-3-211
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发表时间：
2006
期刊：
影响因子：
12.3
通讯作者：
Terman JR
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Yazdani U;Terman JR
信号蛋白是在哺乳动物、果蝇、线虫和甲壳类动物中发现的分泌的、跨膜的和与gpi相关的蛋白质。它们改变细胞骨架、肌动蛋白丝和微管网络的组织，并在广泛的功能中发挥重要作用，包括神经连接、血管生成、免疫调节和癌症。信号蛋白是由富含半胱氨酸的信号蛋白结构域定义的分泌性、跨膜性和gpi连接蛋白，在多种组织中具有重要作用。人类有20个信号蛋白，果蝇有5个，其中2个来自DNA病毒；在线虫和甲壳类动物中也发现了信号蛋白，但在非动物中没有。根据系统发育树分析和其他蛋白质基序的存在，它们被分为8类。信号素的表达在神经系统中被描述得最充分，但它们也存在于大多数，或者可能是所有的其他组织中。在功能上，信号素最初被认为在神经系统的发育和轴突引导中具有重要作用。最近，人们发现它们对心血管、内分泌、胃肠、肝脏、免疫、肌肉骨骼、肾脏、生殖和呼吸系统的形成和功能都很重要。信号蛋白功能机制的一个共同主题是它们改变细胞骨架和肌动蛋白丝和微管网络的组织。这些作用主要通过信号蛋白与其受体的结合而发生，尽管跨膜信号蛋白本身也充当受体。介导信号蛋白信号的最具特征的受体是跨膜蛋白的神经磷脂和丛蛋白家族的成员。特别是神经丛蛋白，被认为控制信号蛋白的许多功能效应；然而，信号素信号的分子机制仍然知之甚少。鉴于信号蛋白在神经连接、血管生成、免疫调节和癌症等广泛功能中的重要性，这些蛋白及其在病理和人类疾病中的作用仍有待了解。
Semaphorins are secreted, transmembrane, and GPI-linked proteins found in mammals, Drosophila, nematodes, and crustaceans. They alter the cytoskeleton and the organization of actin filaments and the microtubule network, and are important in a wide range of functions, including neural connectivity, angiogenesis, immunoregulation, and cancer. Semaphorins are secreted, transmembrane, and GPI-linked proteins, defined by cysteine-rich semaphorin protein domains, that have important roles in a variety of tissues. Humans have 20 semaphorins, Drosophila has five, and two are known from DNA viruses; semaphorins are also found in nematodes and crustaceans but not in non-animals. They are grouped into eight classes on the basis of phylogenetic tree analyses and the presence of additional protein motifs. The expression of semaphorins has been described most fully in the nervous system, but they are also present in most, or perhaps all, other tissues. Functionally, semaphorins were initially characterized for their importance in the development of the nervous system and in axonal guidance. More recently, they have been found to be important for the formation and functioning of the cardiovascular, endocrine, gastrointestinal, hepatic, immune, musculoskeletal, renal, reproductive, and respiratory systems. A common theme in the mechanisms of semaphorin function is that they alter the cytoskeleton and the organization of actin filaments and the microtubule network. These effects occur primarily through binding of semaphorins to their receptors, although transmembrane semaphorins also serve as receptors themselves. The best characterized receptors for mediating semaphorin signaling are members of the neuropilin and plexin families of transmembrane proteins. Plexins, in particular, are thought to control many of the functional effects of semaphorins; the molecular mechanisms of semaphorin signaling are still poorly understood, however. Given the importance of semaphorins in a wide range of functions, including neural connectivity, angiogenesis, immunoregulation, and cancer, much remains to be learned about these proteins and their roles in pathology and human disease.
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