Perceptual learning and human expertise.
Perceptual learning and human expertise.
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DOI：
10.1016/j.plrev.2008.12.001
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发表时间：
2009-06
影响因子：
11.7
通讯作者：
Garrigan P
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Kellman PJ;Garrigan P
我们认为感知学习--感知者提取信息的方式中由经验引起的变化。在科学的学习和教学中经常被忽视，感知学习是人类专业知识的基本贡献者，在人类表现出卓越成就的领域，如国际象棋，音乐和数学，可能是一个关键的贡献者。在第二节中，我们简要介绍了感知学习的历史，并讨论了感知学习与其他学习形式的关系。我们在第三节中考虑了几个具体的现象，说明了感知学习的范围和特征，包括发现和流畅性效应。我们描述了抽象的知觉学习，在这种学习中，结构关系被发现并在不共享组成元素或基本特征的新实例中被识别。在第四节中，我们考虑了用于解释和建模感知学习的主要概念，包括感受野变化，选择和关系重编码。在第五节中，我们考虑知觉学习的范围，对比最近的研究，专注于简单的感觉歧视，与早期的工作，强调提取不变性从不同的情况下，在更复杂的任务。与最近的一些观点相反，我们认为知觉学习不应该局限于早期感觉分析者的变化。我们认为，不同层次的现象可以通过强调发现和选择相关信息的模型来统一。在最后一节中，我们考虑了感知学习在教育环境中的潜在作用。大多数教学强调可以用语言表达的事实和程序，而专业知识在很大程度上取决于通过感知学习获得的内隐模式识别和选择性提取技能。我们认为知觉学习没有系统地解决在传统教学的原因，我们描述了最近成功的努力，创造一个技术的知觉学习领域，如航空，数学和医学。感知学习的研究有望推进学习的科学解释，感知学习技术可能在改善教育方面提供类似的承诺。
We consider perceptual learning -- experience-induced changes in the way perceivers extract information. Often neglected in scientific accounts of learning and in instruction, perceptual learning is a fundamental contributor to human expertise and is likely a crucial contributor in domains where humans show remarkable levels of attainment, such as chess, music, and mathematics. In Section II, we give a brief history and discuss the relation of perceptual learning to other forms of learning. We consider in Section III several specific phenomena, illustrating the scope and characteristics of perceptual learning, including both discovery and fluency effects. We describe abstract perceptual learning, in which structural relationships are discovered and recognized in novel instances that do not share constituent elements or basic features. In Section IV, we consider primary concepts that have been used to explain and model perceptual learning, including receptive field change, selection, and relational recoding. In Section V, we consider the scope of perceptual learning, contrasting recent research, focused on simple sensory discriminations, with earlier work that emphasized extraction of invariance from varied instances in more complex tasks. Contrary to some recent views, we argue that perceptual learning should not be confined to changes in early sensory analyzers. Phenomena at various levels, we suggest, can be unified by models that emphasize discovery and selection of relevant information. In a final section, we consider the potential role of perceptual learning in educational settings. Most instruction emphasizes facts and procedures that can be verbalized, whereas expertise depends heavily on implicit pattern recognition and selective extraction skills acquired through perceptual learning. We consider reasons why perceptual learning has not been systematically addressed in traditional instruction, and we describe recent successful efforts to create a technology of perceptual learning in areas such as aviation, mathematics, and medicine. Research in perceptual learning promises to advance scientific accounts of learning, and perceptual learning technology may offer similar promise in improving education.
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影响因子：
2.5
作者：
CHI, MTH;FELTOVICH, PJ;GLASER, R
通讯作者：
GLASER, R
影响因子：
4.1
作者：
DIAMOND, R;CAREY, S
通讯作者：
CAREY, S
影响因子：
56.9
作者：
BALL, K;SEKULER, R
通讯作者：
SEKULER, R
影响因子：
1.8
作者：
Ahissar, M;Hochstein, S
通讯作者：
Hochstein, S
DOI：
10.1073/pnas.95.23.13988
发表时间：
1998-11-10
影响因子：
11.1
作者：
Dosher, BA;Lu, ZL
通讯作者：
Lu, ZL