Emerging roles of exosomes in normal and pathological conditions: new insights for diagnosis and therapeutic applications.
Emerging roles of exosomes in normal and pathological conditions: new insights for diagnosis and therapeutic applications.
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DOI：
10.3389/fimmu.2015.00203
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发表时间：
2015
影响因子：
7.3
通讯作者：
Mongini C
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
De Toro J;Herschlik L;Waldner C;Mongini C
从20世纪70年代Johnstone和斯塔尔的研究小组首次描述外泌体开始，外泌体就一直是研究的目标。外泌体属于纳米囊泡家族，其因其在多种疾病的诊断和治疗中的许多功能和潜力而引起极大兴趣。外泌体来源于称为多泡体的晚期内体区室的管腔内囊泡，并且这些晚期内体与细胞膜的融合导致囊泡释放到细胞外区室中。此外，它们的产生可以由许多因素诱导，包括细胞外刺激，如微生物攻击和其他应激条件。外泌体的主要作用是从细胞中去除不必要的蛋白质。现在，一些研究已经证明外泌体参与细胞间通讯，尽管它们的生物学功能还不完全清楚。外泌体在癌症中的参与是微泡研究领域，在过去几年中已经扩大了更多。有证据证明来源于肿瘤脉冲树突状细胞、肿瘤细胞和恶性渗出液的外泌体能够将抗原呈递给T细胞，这导致了许多使用它们作为无细胞癌症疫苗的研究。由于外来体来源于所有细胞类型，它们含有能够调节各种靶基因的蛋白质、脂质和微RNA。目前正在进行大量研究，重点是将这些囊泡作为诊断癌症的生物标志物，以及用于诊断、预后和管理心血管疾病的创新生物标志物。有趣的发现表明外泌体在几种疾病的发病机制中的作用，鼓励研究人员不仅在肿瘤学中，而且在治疗自身免疫综合征和神经退行性疾病如阿尔茨海默病和帕金森病，以及感染性疾病如结核病，白喉和弓形虫病以及由朊病毒或病毒如HIV引起的感染中考虑其治疗潜力。本文综述了外泌体在正常和病理条件下的作用，并讨论了其潜在的治疗应用。
From the time when they were first described in the 1970s by the group of Johnstone and Stahl, exosomes are a target of constant research. Exosomes belong to the family of nanovesicles which are of great interest for their many functions and potential for diagnosis and therapy in multiples diseases. Exosomes originate from the intraluminal vesicles of late endosomal compartments named multivesicular bodies and the fusion of these late endosomes with the cell membrane result in the release of the vesicles into the extracellular compartment. Moreover, their generation can be induced by many factors including extracellular stimuli, such as microbial attack and other stress conditions. The primary role attributed to exosomes was the removal of unnecessary proteins from the cells. Now, several studies have demonstrated that exosomes are involved in cell–cell communication, even though their biological function is not completely clear. The participation of exosomes in cancer is the field of microvesicle research that has expanded more over the last years. Evidence proving that exosomes derived from tumor-pulsed dendritic cells, neoplastic cells, and malignant effusions are able to present antigens to T-cells, has led to numerous studies using them as cell-free cancer vaccines. Because exosomes derive from all cell types, they contain proteins, lipids, and micro RNA capable of regulating a variety of target genes. Much research is being conducted, which focuses on the employment of these vesicles as biomarkers in the diagnosis of cancer in addition to innovative biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis, and management of cardiovascular diseases. Interesting findings indicating the role of exosomes in the pathogenesis of several diseases have encouraged researchers to consider their therapeutic potential not only in oncology but also in the treatment of autoimmune syndromes and neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease, in addition to infectious diseases such as tuberculosis, diphtheria, and toxoplasmosis as well as infections caused by prions or viruses such as HIV. The aim of this review is to disclose the emerging roles of exosomes in normal and pathological conditions and to discuss their potential therapeutic applications.
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DOI：
10.1038/mt.2008.1
发表时间：
2008-04
期刊：
Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy
影响因子：
--
作者：
Dai S;Wei D;Wu Z;Zhou X;Wei X;Huang H;Li G
通讯作者：
Li G
影响因子：
46.9
作者：
Alvarez-Erviti, Lydia;Seow, Yiqi;Wood, Matthew J. A.
通讯作者：
Wood, Matthew J. A.
影响因子：
15.1
作者：
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McLean PJ
影响因子：
6
作者：
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Jucker, Mathias
影响因子：
5.8
作者：
Chaput, N;Taïeb, J;Zitvogel, L
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