Measurement error in two-stage analyses, with application to air pollution epidemiology.

Measurement error in two-stage analyses, with application to air pollution epidemiology.
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DOI:
10.1002/env.2233
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发表时间:
2013-12-01
期刊:
影响因子:
1.7
通讯作者:
Paciorek, Christopher J.
Paciorek, Christopher J.
中科院分区:
环境科学与生态学3区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Szpiro, Adam A.;Paciorek, Christopher J.

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公共卫生研究人员经常估计暴露(例如,污染、饮食、生活方式)对健康的影响,而这些影响是无法对研究对象直接测量的。环境流行病学中的一种常见策略是使用第一阶段(暴露)模型,根据协变量和/或时空邻近性来估计暴露,并使用暴露模型的预测作为第二阶段(健康)模型中感兴趣的协变量。这导致了一种复杂形式的测量误差。我们提出了一种分析框架和方法,该框架和方法对第一阶段模型的错误指定具有健壮性,并为第二阶段模型参数提供了有效的推断。我们将测量误差分解成类似于经典误差和Berkson误差的分量,并刻画了如果第一阶段模型预测被插入而不进行校正时第二阶段模型中估计量的性质。具体地说,我们导出了保证一致性的第一阶段模型和第二阶段模型之间的相容条件(并且具有直接和重要的现实设计含义),并且当相容条件满足时,我们得到了有限样本偏差的渐近估计。我们提出了一种(1)修正有限样本偏差和(2)正确估计标准误差的方法。我们在模拟和空气污染流行病学的一个例子中展示了我们的方法的实用性。
Public health researchers often estimate health effects of exposures (e.g., pollution, diet, lifestyle) that cannot be directly measured for study subjects. A common strategy in environmental epidemiology is to use a first-stage (exposure) model to estimate the exposure based on covariates and/or spatio-temporal proximity and to use predictions from the exposure model as the covariate of interest in the second-stage (health) model. This induces a complex form of measurement error. We propose an analytical framework and methodology that is robust to misspecification of the first-stage model and provides valid inference for the second-stage model parameter of interest. We decompose the measurement error into components analogous to classical and Berkson error and characterize properties of the estimator in the second-stage model if the first-stage model predictions are plugged in without correction. Specifically, we derive conditions for compatibility between the first- and second-stage models that guarantee consistency (and have direct and important real-world design implications), and we derive an asymptotic estimate of finite-sample bias when the compatibility conditions are satisfied. We propose a methodology that (1) corrects for finite-sample bias and (2) correctly estimates standard errors. We demonstrate the utility of our methodology in simulations and an example from air pollution epidemiology.
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