Word-specific phonetics
Word-specific phonetics
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特定单词的语音
DOI：
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发表时间：
2001
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
J. Pierrehumbert
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
J. Pierrehumbert
实验室音系学系列的长期强项是研究音系表征的语音实现。本系列中的许多研究阐明了不同音段和韵律背景下语音类别实现的变化模式，这些研究现在提供了关于声音结构认知表征的主要证据之一。在语音实现的共识中，词位（单词的语音表示）是由分类、对比元素组成的抽象结构。语音实现系统将这种抽象的、长期的、分类的知识与特定语音行为中的语音参数的时间过程联系起来。在流利的成熟说话者中，语音实现系统是一个模块化的前馈系统，反映了其作为极其熟练和自动行为的本质。词位从词典中检索，并组装在语音缓冲区中，其中还指定了短语韵律和语调。由此组装的完全形成的层次结构为语音实现规则提供输入，该规则计算发音姿势的程度和时间。该模型是前馈的，因为没有箭头向后，从发音计划到语音编码，或者从语音编码到词汇级别（除了一些允许人们注意到并纠正语音错误的事后监控之外）。它是模块化的，因为没有词位信息可以绕过语音缓冲级别直接影响语音实现。尽管这些模型在解释广泛的数据方面非常成功，但现在受到许多研究的挑战，这些研究证明了单词特定语音细节的存在。在模块化前馈模型中，词位的（分类）形式完全决定了语音结果。如果两个单词在语音上完全不同，那么它们在类别上就不同，因此音系学的一项工作就是识别一个类别集，该类别集捕获单词之间的所有系统差异。这些模型的另一个特点是它们不承担描述与社会风格语域相关的系统语音变化的工作。尽管这些模型的作者无疑会承认这种变异的存在，但他们并没有承诺对允许这种变异的认知能力提供正式的处理。正式模型中的这些限制
A long-standing forte of the Laboratory Phonology series has been work on phonetic implementation of phonological representations. Numerous studies in this series have elucidated the patterns of variation in the realization of phonological categories in different segmental and prosodic contexts, and such studies now provide one of the main lines of evidence about the cognitive representation of sound structure. In a consensus view of phonetic implementation, lexemes (the phonological representations of words) are abstract structures made up of categorical, contrastive elements. The phonetic implementation system relates this abstract, long-term, categorical knowledge to the time course of phonetic parameters in particular acts of speech. In fluent mature speakers, the phonetic implementation system is a modular, feed-forward system, reflecting its nature as an extremely practiced and automatic behavior. Lexemes are retrieved from the lexicon, and assembled in a phonological buffer in which phrasal prosody and intonation are also assigned. The fully formed hierarchical structures thus assembled provide the input to the phonetic implementation rules, which compute the degree and timing of articulatory gestures. The model is feedforward because no arrows go backwards, from articulatory plans to phonological encoding, or from the phonological encoding to the lexical level (apart from some post-hoc monitoring which permits people to notice and correct speech errors). It is modular because no lexeme information can influence the phonetic implementation directly, bypassing the level of phonological buffering. Though highly successful in explaining a wide range of data, such models are now challenged by a number of studies demonstrating the existence of word-specific phonetic detail. In modular feed-forward models, the (categorical) form of the lexeme wholly determines the phonetic outcome. If two words differ at all in their phonetics, then they differ categorically, and accordingly one job of the phonology is to identify a category set which captures all systematic differences amongst words. Another feature of these models is they do not take on the job of describing systematic phonetic variation related to sociostylistic register. Though the authors of such models would no doubt acknowledge the existence of such variation, they have not undertaken to provide a formal treatment of the cognitive capabilities which permit it. These limitations in formal models of
DOI：
10.1037//0278-7393.22.5.1166
发表时间：
1996-09
期刊：
Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition
影响因子：
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作者：
S. Goldinger
通讯作者：
S. Goldinger